Blood Velocity Variation in Right Renal and Superior Mesenteric Arteries During Cardio-pulmonary Bypass
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 招募中
- 入组人数
- 92
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Comparison of right renal artery mean blood velocities before and during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB)
研究概览
简要总结
The cardiopulmonary by-pass technique, used in cardiac surgery to obtain a bloodless operating field and an immobile heart, determines important effects on the blood vessel wall, especially when a continuous and non-continuous blood flow is used. In fact, a reduction in Nitric Oxide (NO) production by the endothelium, an increase in systemic vascular resistance and an increased risk of cerebral and renal hypoperfusion have been observed and can result in potential organ damage. Acute kidney injury (AKI) after heart surgery is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Its incidence varies according to different definitions, but can reach 30%. In some series, 1-5% of patients require renal replacement therapy in the postoperative period presenting a mortality that can reach 50-70%. However, even more limited increases in serum creatinine are associated with worsening prognosis and the risk of chronic kidney disease. The pathophysiology of AKI in cardiac surgery is complex and still partly unknown.Recently a technique has been described that allows to measure the blood velocity in the right renal artery and in the superior mesenteric artery using the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE); this technique allows to view these arteries and measure the speed of the blood with good precision because the insonation angle (ie the angle formed by the ultrasound flow and the direction of the blood vessel) is adequate. In cardiac surgery, this methodology allows you to monitor blood velocity in the right renal artery and superior mesenteric artery during surgery. Some authors have used it to conduct pilot studies in which the blood velocity values in the renal arteries during cardiac surgery were used to calculate the pulsatility and resistivity indices, as predictors of the risk of postoperative AKI. At present, therefore, despite the fact that TEE is routinely used for monitoring renal perfusion during cardiac surgery, the blood velocity in the renal and mesenteric arteries has been little studied during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) and has never been evaluated during CPB with continuous flow; in particular, the possible variation in blood velocity measured during CPB compared to the baseline values measured before extracorporeal circulation and its correlation with the onset of postoperative renal failure is not known.
详细描述
The cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) technique, used in cardiac surgery to obtain a bloodless operating field and an immobile heart, determines important effects on the blood vessel wall, especially when a continuous and non-continuous blood flow is used. In fact, a reduction in NO production by the endothelium, an increase in systemic vascular resistance and an increased risk of cerebral and renal hypoperfusion have been observed and can result in potential organ damage.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) after heart surgery is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Its incidence varies according to different definitions, but can reach 30%. In some series, 1-5% of patients require renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the postoperative period presenting a mortality that can reach 50-70%. However, even more limited increases in serum creatinine (sCr) are associated with worsening prognosis and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The pathophysiology of AKI in cardiac surgery is complex and still partly unknown. It is believed that one of the main causative factors is hypoperfusion and renal hypoxia, in particular of the medullary region; this would result in a vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles to the glomerulus and a reduction in filtration. Risk factors associated with the increased incidence of AKI include bleeding, use of the aortic pump, excessive cardiopulmonary bypass duration, excessive haemodilution, insufficient pump flow, or insufficient blood pressure. Hypothermia, which also has a protective effect against hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia, could induce AKI by increasing renal vascular resistance and favoring medullary hypoxia during subsequent rewarming.
In addition to AKI, another complication of cardiac surgery, rarer but associated with a higher mortality, is acute mesenteric ischemia; the most frequent type is non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) which seems to have as a predisposing cause a reduction or maldistribution of splanchnic blood flow and the use of vasoconstrictors.
Recently a technique has been described that allows to measure the blood velocity in the right renal artery and in the superior mesenteric artery using the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE); this technique allows to view these arteries and measure the speed of the blood with good precision because the insonation angle (ie the angle formed by the ultrasound flow and the direction of the blood vessel) is adequate. In cardiac surgery, this methodology allows you to monitor blood velocity in the right renal artery and superior mesenteric artery during surgery. Some authors have used it to conduct pilot studies in which the blood velocity values in the renal arteries during cardiac surgery were used to calculate the pulsatility and resistivity indices, as predictors of the risk of postoperative AKI. The calculation of these indices, however, requires the use of a pulsatile blood flow to generate a periodic variation of the blood velocity, and they are not evaluable during CPB since the current practice in almost all centers is to use a continuous blood flow. At present, therefore, despite the fact that TEE is routinely used for monitoring renal perfusion during cardiac surgery, the blood velocity in the renal and mesenteric arteries has been little studied during CPB and has never been evaluated during CPB with continuous flow; in particular, the possible variation in blood velocity measured during CPB compared to the baseline values measured before extracorporeal circulation and its correlation with the onset of postoperative renal failure is not known.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Cohort
- 时间视角
- Prospective
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •age> 18 years
- •written informed consent
- •cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
- •New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, II, III
- •preoperative serum creatinine less than 1.2 mg / dl
排除标准
- •contraindications to Trans Esophageal Ultrasound (TEE) based on American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) recommendations (esophageal or gastric diseases or previous surgery)
- •history of non-coronary arterial pathologies
- •atrial fibrillation
- •preoperative serum creatinine greater than 1.2 mg / dl • NYHA class IV
- •emergency cardiac surgery
结局指标
主要结局
Comparison of right renal artery mean blood velocities before and during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB)
时间窗: CPB 60 min: during CPB, 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia
Right renal artery mean blood velocity (cm/sec) during CPB
次要结局
- Comparison of superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocities before and during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB)(CPB 60 min: during CPB, 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between mean blood velocity values and hemodynamic parameters: cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) blood flow(CPB 5 min: 5 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia, during CPB)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and CPB blood flow(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and laboratory parameters (arterial PCO2)(CPB 30 min: 30 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and laboratory parameters (arterial lactate)(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) blood flow(CPB 5 min: 5 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and CPB blood flow(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean mean blood velocity values and laboratory parameters (Hematocrit)(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean mean blood velocity values and Hematocrit(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Evaluation of amylase in low superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity(Postoperative day 1: 24 hours after the end of the cardiopulmonary by-pass)
- Feasibility of measurement of right renal artery blood velocity during CPB(During CPB)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure, MAP)(CPB 5 min: 5 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and MAP(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and MAP(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and negative pressure applied to the venous drainage (vacuum-assist venous drainage, VAVD)(CPB 60 min: during CPB, 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity and laboratory parameters (arterial lactate)(CPB 60 min: during CPB, 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values during CPB and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)(CPB 60 min: during CPB, 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Evaluation of lactate in patients with low superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity(Postoperative day 1: 24 hours after the end of the cardiopulmonary by-pass)
- Correlation between mean blood velocity values and CPB blood flow(CPB 30 min: 30 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia, during CPB)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and arterial PCO2(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean mean blood velocity values and laboratory parameters (Hematocrit)(CPB 5 min: 5 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia, during CPB)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and Temperature(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and negative pressure applied to the venous drainage (vacuum-assist venous drainage, VAVD)(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Evaluation of lactate in patients with low superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values(Immediate postoperative period: 4 hours after the end of the cardiopulmonary by-pass)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure, MAP)(CPB 5 min: 5 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia, during CPB)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and laboratory parameters (arterial PCO2)(CPB 30 min: 30 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between right renal artery mean blood velocity values and arterial PCO2(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Correlation between superior mesenteric artery mean blood velocity values and Temperature(CPB 60 min: 60 minutes after the end of the first cardioplegia)
- Evaluation of serum Cystatin C in low right renal artery mean blood velocity during CPB(Postoperative day 1: 24 hours after the end of the cardiopulmonary by-pass)
- Evaluation of urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) in low right renal artery mean blood velocity(Postoperative day 1: 24 hours after the end of the cardiopulmonary by-pass)
- Feasibility of measurement of superior mesenteric artery blood velocity during CPB(During CPB)
研究者
Dr.ssa Gabriella Arlotta
Principal Investigator
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS