Mid-morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Food Intake; Satiety
• Interventions: Other: Coconut oil snack; Other: Whey protein snack; Other: Control snack; Other: Maltodextrin snack; Other: Oat snack; Other: Snack skipping

• Registration Number: NCT03207607
• Lead Sponsor: Toronto Metropolitan University

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.

Detailed Description

23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2016-02
• Primary Completion: 2016-08
• Study Completion: 2016-08
• Status Verified: 2017-06
• Study First Submitted: 2017-06-29
• Study First Submitted QC: 2017-07-03
• Last Update Submitted: 2017-07-03
• Study First Posted: 2017-07-05
• Last Update Posted: 2017-07-05

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 23

Inclusion Criteria

• be between 18 and 30 years of age
• be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control
• body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9

Exclusion Criteria

• fasting plasma glucose >5.5 mmol/L
• health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease
• major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months
• current or recent dieting
• breakfast skipping
• receiving any medications
• menstrual irregularities
• food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear
• behavioural or emotional problems
• alcohol consumption >7 beverages/week

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Coconut oil snack	Coconut oil snack	Participants received coconut oil snacks (coconut oil + control snack)
Whey protein snack	Whey protein snack	Participants received whey protein snacks (whey protein + control snack)
Control snack	Control snack	Participants received control snacks prepared by real fruits (pear, orange and mango)
Maltodextrin snack	Maltodextrin snack	Participants received maltodextrin snacks (maltodextrin + control snack)
Oat snack	Oat snack	Participants received oat snacks (oat + maltodextrin + control snack)
Snack skipping	Snack skipping	Participants received snack skipping

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Subjective Appetite	Change from baseline over 120 minutes	Participants completed subjective ratings on appetite (e.g., desire to eat, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption) and well-being at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Food Intake	30 min	Participants consumed an ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 minutes
Blood Insulin Response	Change from baseline over 120 minutes	Blood was collected at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption, as well as immediately following lunch, to observe insulin responses to gel snacks
Blood Glucose Response	Change from baseline over 120 minutes	Blood was collected at baseline (0min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch to observe glycemic responses to gel snacks

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

School of Nutrition, Ryerson University; 🇨🇦 Toronto, Ontario, Canada