A Reinforcement Intervention for Increasing HIV Testing Among At-Risk Women
- Conditions
- WomenHIVContingency ManagementHIV Testing
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Standard referral for HIV testingBehavioral: Online risk reduction trainingBehavioral: Reinforcement
- Registration Number
- NCT03768986
- Lead Sponsor
- UConn Health
- Brief Summary
African American and Latina women, as well as women living in poverty, are an identified health disparities population for HIV. Risks for HIV are compounded in this population when additional risk factors are present, including other sexually transmitted infections, intimate partner violence, substance use disorders, and homelessness or housing insecurity. Knowledge of one's HIV serostatus is key to linkage to care, improving HIV outcomes, and decreasing the spread of HIV. However, roughly a third of African American women and over half of Latina women have never been tested (CDC, 2016a). Barriers to testing include socioeconomical inequality, racial discrimination, low health literacy, and inadequate access to quality healthcare, among others. Novel methods for increasing HIV testing in this important health disparities group are greatly needed.
This study aims to test a reinforcement-based intervention to increase HIV testing and repeat testing among African American, Latina, and women living in poverty who have risk factors for HIV. We are partnering with multiple community-based organizations, several of which are non-traditional providers of HIV services (e.g., domestic violence agency, homeless shelter), to address systemic and structural issues that serve as barriers to testing. A primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of training community-based providers to deliver a reinforcement-based intervention for promoting HIV testing. In addition, we will compare standard referral services for HIV testing plus HIV risk reduction education to the same plus reinforcement for HIV testing (and repeat testing) using a randomized controlled trial with 334 participants. Women in both groups will be encouraged to seek HIV testing; be provided with the resources to do so (list of testing sites, bus passes if needed); and will receive basic education about HIV prevention using a widely available web-based resource (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/hivrisk/). Women in the reinforcement group will also be provided with $25 for undergoing an HIV test, with a $15 bonus if they have the test in the next 7 days ($40 total). During the next 12 months, they can receive an additional $25 for undergoing up to 2 more tests separated by 12 weeks, with $15 bonuses for each test completed within 7 days (+/- 7 days) of the scheduled date at 6- and 12-months post-initial test. It is hypothesized that the reinforcement intervention will result in greater proportions of women receiving an HIV test (and repeat HIV tests) compared to standard services.
In the proposed study, approximately 50 clinicians from our partner sites will be trained on both the non-reinforcement and reinforcement approaches to increasing HIV testing. Primary clinician outcomes are clinician knowledge and attitudes about HIV, testing, and reinforcement interventions. These will be assessed pre- and post-training and at 6-month intervals thereafter. A secondary outcome is clinician satisfaction with the training. Once clinicians are trained to competence, 334 women at our partner agencies will be randomized. Participants will be assessed at baseline and at 3-, 9-, and 15-month follow-ups. The primary outcome is objective reports of HIV testing, verified by testing centers. Secondary outcomes are HIV risk behaviors, test results, self-efficacy, client attitudes towards testing, and HIV knowledge. In addition, this study will include a careful analysis of costs of the reinforcement intervention to allow for estimates of its cost-effectiveness in increasing HIV testing.
The overall goal of this study is to determine whether a reinforcement intervention delivered by community providers is superior to standard referral procedures plus HIV education in increasing rates of HIV testing among women at the highest risk of HIV infection. A wide range of community partners that serve some of the highest risk groups of women were chosen to ensure highly generalizable results. If efficacious, the intervention has the potential for widespread adoption and implementation.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- Female
- Target Recruitment
- 334
Not provided
Not provided
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Treatment Group B Reinforcement Standard referral for HIV testing and online HIV risk reduction training plus reinforcement Treatment Group B Standard referral for HIV testing Standard referral for HIV testing and online HIV risk reduction training plus reinforcement Treatment Group B Online risk reduction training Standard referral for HIV testing and online HIV risk reduction training plus reinforcement Treatment Group A Standard referral for HIV testing Standard referral for HIV testing and online HIV risk reduction training Treatment Group A Online risk reduction training Standard referral for HIV testing and online HIV risk reduction training
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method HIV testing by clients From date of intervention until date of documented HIV test, assessed up to 15 months HIV testing completion (i.e. having test completed) will be verified by the testing sites
Clinician knowledge Baseline and immediately post-training Change in clinician knowledge will be measured through self-reports
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Clinician satisfaction with training Post-training, up to 1 month Satisfaction with training will be measured by self-report
HIV risk behaviors Baseline and 3-month follow-up Change in self-report measure: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk Behavior Scale, total score 0 to 55, higher scores represent worse outcomes
HIV Test Results 15-month follow-up Client self-reports
Client HIV knowledge Baseline and 3-month follow-up Change in knowledge as self-reported on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Knowledge Questionnaire, total score 0 to 18, higher scores represent better outcomes
HIV Risk Reduction Module Completion 3-month follow-up Self-reported completion of online HIV risk reduction modules
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
UConn Health
🇺🇸Farmington, Connecticut, United States