Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Risk of Hospitalization for Community-acquired Pneumonia: Replicated Cohort Studies With Meta-analysis
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 4,238,504
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (HCAP)
研究概览
简要总结
The purpose of the study is to determine whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a medication used to treat gastric conditions, increase the risk of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (HCAP).
The investigators will carry out separate population-based cohort studies using administrative health databases in eight jurisdictions in Canada, the US, and the UK. Cohort entry will be defined by the initiation of an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with follow-up until hospitalization for pneumonia or end of follow-up (6 months). The results from the separate sites will be combined using a statistical approach called meta-analysis to provide an overall assessment of the risk of HCAP with PPIs.
详细描述
Previous observational studies have found an association between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a class of medications used to treat gastric conditions, and the risk of community acquired pneumonia. These studies, however, had important limitations including confounding by indication and protopathic bias. The purpose of this study is to determine whether PPIs increase the risk of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (HCAP). To overcome the limitations of previous studies that examined this issue, this study will be conducted in a cohort of new users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in whom PPIs are often prescribed prophylactically to prevent dyspepsia and other gastric side effects.
The investigators will use a common-protocol approach to conduct retrospective cohort studies using administrative health care data from eight jurisdictions (the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, as well as the United States (US) MarketScan, and the United Kingdom (UK) General Practice Research Database [GPRD]). Briefly, the Canadian databases include population-level data on physician billing, diagnoses and procedures from hospital discharge abstracts, and dispensations for prescription drugs. Alberta, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec data will be restricted to patients aged 65 years and older as prescription data are not available for younger patients. For Quebec, a 10% random sample of eligible patients will be used. The GPRD is a clinical database that is representative of the UK population and contains the records for patients seen at over 680 general practitioner practices in the UK. US MarketScan includes individuals and their dependents covered by large U.S. employer health insurance plans, and government and public organizations. As Medicare eligibility begins for those above the age of 65, the US MarketScan data will be restricted to patients aged 40 to 65 years in order to ensure complete data capture.
In each jurisdiction, the investigators will assemble a source population that includes all patients with a prescription for an oral NSAID (WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Code M01A). From this source population, a study cohort will be created including all patients who received a prescription for an oral NSAID of ≥ 30 days duration, as patients receiving short duration prescriptions are unlikely to be prescribed a PPI for prophylactic reasons. The date of prescription (for the GPRD) or dispensation (for all other sites) of the oral NSAID will define the date of study cohort entry.
Patients will be followed from the date of study cohort entry until an event (defined below) or censoring due to death, departure from the database, end of follow-up (180 days), or the end of the study period (September 30, 2011 or the last date of data availability at that site), whichever occurs first. Patients will be permitted to enter the cohort multiple times provided that all inclusion criteria are met.
The investigators will create three mutually exclusive exposure categories: 1) PPI users, 2) H2RA users, and 3) unexposed patients. The investigators will use an analysis analogous to an intention-to-treat approach. Exposure to PPIs will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole) on the same day as their cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID. Exposure to H2RAs will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as their cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID. Patients that are considered to be unexposed will be defined as patients not prescribed a PPI or H2RA on the same day as their cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID. The primary outcome will be defined as incident HCAP during the 6 months following initiation of NSAID therapy.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Cohort
- 时间视角
- Retrospective
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 40 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Patients with a first oral NSAID prescription
- •Patients at least 40 years of age (except Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, where patients will be at least 66 years of age)
- •Patients with at least 1 year of history in the database.
排除标准
- •Patients aged < 40 years at cohort entry (or < 66 in Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia)
- •Received a prescription for a PPI, a H2RA, or a NSAID (any route of administration) in the 6 months prior to cohort entry
- •Had an HCAP (ICD-9-CM code (in any field): 480.x-487.x; ICD-10-CA code: J10.0 - J18.9) or an extended emergency room visit for community-acquired pneumonia in the year prior to cohort entry (where available)
- •Hospitalized at the time of cohort entry
- •Received a prescription for medications used for the treatment of tuberculosis (ATC Code J04A) (where available)
- •Had a history of cancer (other than non-melanoma skin cancer) in the year prior to cohort entry
- •Hospitalized >3 days within the 30 days before cohort entry
- •Had <1 year of continuous observation time in the database prior to cohort entry
研究组 & 干预措施
Users of PPIs
Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: esomeprazole (Drug)
Users of PPIs
Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: omeprazole (Drug)
Users of PPIs
Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: pantoprazole (Drug)
Users of PPIs
Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: lansoprazole (Drug)
Users of PPIs
Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) will be defined as a prescription for a PPI (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: rabeprazole (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: cimetidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: ranitidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: famotidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: nizatidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: niperotidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: roxatidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: ranitidine bismuth citrate (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: lafutidine (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: cimetidine combinations (Drug)
Users of H2RAs
Exposure to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) will be defined as a prescription for a H2RA (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, ranitidine bismuth citrate, lafutidine, cimetidine combinations, and famotidine combinations) on the same day as the cohort entry defining prescription for an NSAID.
干预措施: famotidine combinations (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (HCAP)
时间窗: Patients will be followed from the date of study cohort entry until HCAP, censoring, or for up to 6 months.
HCAP during the 6 months following cohort entry Patients with HCAP with any of the following diagnostic codes: ICD-9: 487.0, 487.1, 487.0, 487.1, 487.0, 480.9, 481.x, 482.2, 482.0, 482.1, 482.30, 482.31, 482.32, 482.39, 482.40, 482.41, 482.42, 482.49, 482.81, 482.82, 482.83, 482.89, 482.9, 483.0, 484.7, 484.8, 485.X, 481.X, 486.X ; ICD-10: J10.0, J11.0, J11.1, J12.9, J13, J14, J15.X, J16.8, J17.0, J17.2, J17.3, J17.8, J18.0, J18.1, J18.8, J18.9.
次要结局
未报告次要终点