Managment and Outcome of Urinary Bladder Trauma After Gynaecological and Obstetric Operations

The female genital and urinary systems are closely related embryologically and anatomically. The surgeon should know the anatomy of this area to avoid urinary tract (UT) injuries during obstetric (Obst) and gynecologic (Gyn) surgeries (Solyman et al., 2022)

UT injuries during Obst/Gyn surgeries are rare but have a significant psychological impact on both patient and surgeon, and their medico legal aspects are very bothering (Safrai et al., 2022)

UT injuries during Obst/Gyn operations range from 0.3 to 1% (Blackwell et al., 2018) Most cases are bladder injury, approximately three times more than ureteral injury (Wong et al., 2018)

The primary goal of the Obst/Gyn surgeon is to avoid UT injuries during his procedure. Still, in some situations, this will be difficult as in patients with abnormal anatomy, difficult operations as in the presence of severe bleeding or pelvic adhesions, and with surgeons with low experience. Immediate intraoperative repair of these injuries is optimal. In some cases, diagnosis and management are delayed postoperatively(Patel and Heisler, 2021)

UT injuries during Obst/Gyn operations are either acute injuries such as bladder and ureteral laceration, and ureteral ligation identified immediately intra operatively or chronic injuries as fistula formation and stricture ureter, which are discovered later on (Lee et al., 2012) Iatrogenic urological complications from gynecological surgery can be prevented and reduced by complying with standard surgical