Frequency of Accessing Central Lines for Blood Samples and Medication Administration: A Comparison Between CICU, PICU and NICU

The CICU is participating in the system wide initiative to decrease blood stream infections (BSIs). In January 2006, the BSI rate in the CICU at Children's, Egleston peaked at 18.2 (rate of infections per 1000 catheter days). The BSI Bundles (processes of care) were rolled out on January 16, 2006 according to CHCA guidelines (Child Health Corporation of America). The Children's February BSI rate remained high at 16.3 despite the bundle implementation. The target goal is to maintain a rate below 3.7 which was realized only in March with a rate of 3.4. Subsequent months were 5.4 and 4.9. (See attached graph).

A separate research study is currently being conducted by Nicole Jarrell, in collaboration with Drs. Kevin Maher and Agustin Rubio, to determine risk factors for contracting a BSI by analyzing the past 200 infections (positive blood cultures) in the CICU. Preliminary findings in this study indicate a particularly high risk patient population, those with delayed sternal closures (open chests).

Results from this study indicate that of the 95 patients (January, 2004-February, 2006) with open chests, 28 developed BSIs (29.5%). This was compared to neonates undergoing cardiac bypass surgery with closed chests. This patient population had a significantly lower BSI rate at 9.1% (n=9 of 99). The largest subset of patients in these groups are the neonates with HLHS (Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome) undergoing the Norwood procedure. Upon reviewing all HLHS/Norwood patients, those with open chests (N=40) have a 32.5% infection rate compared to the closed chests (N=20) at 20%.

Multiple risk factors are assumed to contribute to the high risk and rate of infection in the CICU patient population. One risk that has been substantiated during a quality improvement project conducted in the CICU is related to accessing lines. The number of times that the patient's central and arterial lines are entered for blood sampling and medication administration was analyzed utilizing chart review of a small sample group of CICU patients (n=29). For these 29 patients, their lines were accessed 5476 times during their CICU LOS (length of stay). The average CICU LOS was 7.4 days. Of the 29 patients, 3 had open chests with an average duration of 7 days open.

The average times the line was accessed for the duration of LOS was 189 times at a rate of 13 per shift. When the patient LOS was >5 days (n=11 with an average LOS of 16 days), the total average increased to 455 times during the LOS, but per shift averages remained the same at 13.