Counteracting Deleterious Metabolic Glucocorticoid Effects With Metformin - A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Study

Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in the 21st century (1). Currently, more than 700 million people world-wide are obese and face an increased risk of morbidity and a reduced life-expectancy of up to 10 years (1, 2). High energy food and a sedentary lifestyle are driving the current obesity pandemic (3). Sleep deprivation and psychological stress also have been identified as contributing factors (4). Many of these factors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the key regulatory pathway of energy homeostasis. Activation of the HPA-axis leads to secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) from the adrenal glands. GCs control energy homeostasis by mobilizing and redistributing energy substrates (5). In an evolutionary context, GCs are particularly important during periods of stress, especially when food is scarce. In today's environment, where food is abundantly available, GCs potentially can become deleterious by severely disrupting energy homeostasis. Therefore, the GC pathway has gained interest as a potential treatment target for the metabolic syndrome.

Next to their essential role in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoids are the most commonly prescribed immunosuppressant drugs. GCs are used for acute as well as chronic conditions in virtually all medical disciplines (6). It is well known that patients on GC treatment are at high risk for developing numerous side effects. Next to dyslipidaemia, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular disease, up to 80% of patients experience weight gain, while around 40% develop diabetes (7). Currently, no therapies exist to prevent any of these side effects. The only available strategy to prevent GC-induced side effects is to restrain GC use.

The objective of this project is to test in a clinical study in humans whether metformin can counteract the deleterious metabolic effects developed after a short-term glucocorticoid treatment. The primary objective is to test how metformin counteracts metabolic side effects of GCs compared to placebo. Secondary objectives are to detect underlying pathways in blood (metabolomics), adipose tissue (gene expression analysis) and mitochondria (Cytosensor) with metformin in combination with prednisone compared to placebo and prednisone.

This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study. After screening, subjects will be randomized to two crossover 7-day study periods with a washout period of 28 days:

A) Participants will receive prednisone 30 mg/d p.o. and metformin (starting with a dose of 500 mg/d and increasing the dose by 500 mg every other day until 2000 mg/d are achieved).