Development and Testing of a Behavioral Activation Mobile Therapy for Elevated Depressive Systems

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Depression
• Interventions: Other: Cognitvie Based Therapy; Other: Behavioral Activation; Other: Treatment as Usual

• Registration Number: NCT02498132
• Lead Sponsor: University of Maryland, College Park

Brief Summary

Elevated depressive symptomatology is a widespread public health concern and individuals with elevated depressive symptoms most frequently report such symptoms to primary care physicians (PCPs). PCPs have few evidence-based resources beyond antidepressant medication for treating elevated depressive symptoms, which results in negative outcomes for their depressed patients. Mobile technologies offer an ideal strategy to meet widespread treatment needs. The purpose of the proposed project is to\\ customize Behavioral Activation (BA), a straightforward, empirically supported treatment for elevated depressive symptoms, for a mobile format (Moodivate) in order to address the currently unmet needs of PCPs and their patients with elevated depressive symptoms.

Detailed Description

Depressive symptoms are associated with heightened risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD), significant public health costs, and mortality rates equal to MDD . Individuals experiencing impairment due to depressive symptomatology most frequently report their depressive symptoms to a primary care physician . Despite conflicting data regarding efficacy, PCPs typically prescribe antidepressant medication for the treatment of subthreshold depression and have few other resources at their disposal . The current lack of evidence-based resources available to PCPs for treating depressive symptoms results in a number of negative outcomes for patients including: 1) the majority not receiving appropriate treatment , 2) a decreased likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms again in the future , and 3) heightened mortality risk. As the most likely initial contact for patients with elevated depressive symptoms, PCPs are in a unique position to provide interventions for depression .

Mobile technologies offer an ideal strategy to meet widespread treatment needs. Mobile technologies broadly, and mobile phones more specifically, have dramatically increased in both affordability and ubiquity, with current estimates suggesting that there are over 3.2 billion unique mobile users worldwide . Moreover, the vast majority of physicians report using mobile apps in their clinical practice . Despite these factors supporting the use of mobile apps in clinical practice, there are currently no mobile apps for depressive symptoms available to PCPs that are both evidence-based and simple enough to be recommended to their patients.

One treatment that is particularly amenable to a mobile platform and to referral by PCPs is Behavioral Activation. Across studies, BA is effective for reducing depressive symptoms among individuals with subthreshold depression as well as individuals with MDD and meets the criteria to be established as an empirically support treatment . Moreover, numerous research studies support the superiority of BA as a treatment component to competitor treatments, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). The cornerstone of BA is regular self-monitoring to 1) examine already occurring daily activities and 2) facilitate incorporation of new activities consistent with individualized values and goals across life areas. Empirical evidence indicates that mobile customization of BA would work as intended to facilitate reduction of depressive symptomatology, while also addressing the unmet need for evidence-based and easily disseminable resources for use by PCPs with their patients with depressive symptomatology. Moreover, as BA has an evidence-base for smoking cessation, a mobile customization of BA may also hold promise for promoting smoking cessation.

With STTR funding from NIMH, our team is currently completing the development of a self-help BA mobile application named Moodivate for referral by PCPs to their patients with elevated depressive symptoms. App development will be complete by March, 2016 in preparation for a small clinical trial at MUSC. The closest competitor apps for Moodivate are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based mobile applications. The most popular CBT-based mobile applications include iCouch CBT, Live Happy, MoodPanda, and MoodKit. Of this group of CBT-based mobile applications, MoodKit most closely adheres to standard CBT. As clinical trials of standard BATD frequently compare BATD to CBT, an appropriate analogue of this line of work is to compare Moodivate, a BATD based mobile app, to MoodKit, a CBT based mobile app. Although MoodKit appears to adhere to CBT, no clinical trials to date have been completed examining utilization of MoodKit among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms or among individuals referred by a PCP.

In the current study, we will conduct a small-scale randomized clinical trial with 60 adults with elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) \> 14; above the "minimal depression" range on the measure) referred from physicians in the Department of Family Medicine (Drs. Vanessa Diaz and Marty Player) at MUSC. Participants will be randomized to one of three conditions: 1) Moodivate, 2) a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based mobile application (MoodKit), or 3) Treatment As Usual (TAU). The purpose of this step is to examine Moodivate treatment feasibility, acceptability, adherence, and change in depressive symptoms associated with Moodivate as compared to MoodKit and TAU. Considering that BA also has an evidence base for smoking cessation, within this group of 60 participants, we plan to recruit 10 participants who are current smokers who will receive Moodivate. Although this will be a small sample of smokers receiving the BA mobile therapy, we believe collecting pilot data examining utilization of Moodivate among a group of smokers will provide valuable insight into the feasibility of utilizing a BA mobile app to promote smoking cessation.

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2015-07-07
• Study First Submitted QC: 2015-07-10
• Study First Posted: 2015-07-15
• Study Start: 2016-06-01
• Primary Completion: 2016-09-01
• Study Completion: 2016-12-31
• Results First Submitted: 2019-09-30
• Results First Submitted QC: 2022-02-02
• Results First Posted: 2022-02-25
• Status Verified: 2023-11
• Last Update Submitted: 2023-11-27
• Last Update Posted: 2023-11-29

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 52

Inclusion Criteria

Participants will be screened by phone. Inclusion criteria:

Participants must:

1. be between the ages of 18 and 65,
2. report current elevated depressive symptoms, and
3. currently own an iOS-compatible mobile phone.

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Exclusion Criteria

Participants will be excluded if they:

1. are currently receiving psychotherapy or psychotropic medication,

2. plan to seek psychotherapy within the next 3 months (score > 5 on a self-report 1-10 scale of likelihood to seek treatment),

3. endorse current suicidal ideation defined as either

   1. a response of "I would like to kill myself" or "I would kill myself if I had the chance" on the suicidal thoughts or wishes item of the BDI-II or
   2. an indication of past month suicidal ideation on the MDD module of the SCID-IV (see Protection of Human Subjects for additional details), or

4. meet current diagnostic criteria for MDD; although BA has been used to treat MDD, Moodivate is targeted specifically to elevated symptoms, not major depressive episodes.

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Cognitive Based Therapy	Cognitvie Based Therapy	Moodkit will be used to administer cognitive based therapy which is commonly compared to behavioral activation.
Behavioral Activation	Behavioral Activation	Behavioral Activation will be administered via Moodivate will mirror the core BA components outlined above. Moodivate will also be modified for a mobile environment in key ways, with the most salient being: 1) Elimination of the need for a therapist: By eliminating the need for a therapist, we will be able to reach a broad patient/consumer base that may not utilize traditional therapy resources and will combat the primary barrier to PCPs recommending psychotherapy to their patients with elevated depressive symptoms and 2) Elimination of paper forms: By eliminating paper forms, we will increase the sensitivity of BA to motivational and organizational deficits frequently observed in patients with elevated depressive symptoms while also increasing treatment fidelity by prompting the patient to complete activities at scheduled times and giving the patient reinforcement for completing activities.
Treatment as Usual	Treatment as Usual	TAU will be provided to individuals. These subject will be provided with therapy but will not utilize a mobile application.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Average Decrease of Beck Depression Inventory-II Score	Baseline and Week 8	The BDI-II is a well-validated tool for the assessment of depressive symptoms and is our key outcome measure. For assessing weekly changes in mood, we will use the Profile of Mood States, a brief self-report scale that has demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. For MDD diagnosis, during the phone screening, participants will complete a shortened version of the MDD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. The scale for the Beck's Depression Inventory is 0-63 where higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Scores were analyzed as a 10 point decrease from baseline at any point in the study. For pretreatment, participants completed the BDI-II at baseline and for posttreatment, participants completed the BDI-II 8 weeks after baseline. Values were calculated by subtracting pretreatment from posttreatment and averaging across participants, within treatment condition.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)	Once a week for 8 weeks	Participants completing the PANAS are asked to rate the extent to which they experienced each out of 20 emotions on a 5-point Likert Scale ranging from "very slightly" to "very much". The exact instructions may vary according to the purpose of the study: Participants may be asked how they feel right now or during longer periods of time (e.g. during the past year). Half of the presented emotion words concern negative affect (distressed, upset, guilty, ashamed, hostile, irritable, nervous, jittery, scared, afraid), the other half positive affect (interested, alert, attentive, excited, enthusiastic, inspired, proud, determined, strong, active). The PANAS is usually regarded as a reliable measure for non-clinical populations
Timeline Followback Method Assessment	Once a week for 8 weeks	The Timeline Followback (TLFB) is a method that can be used as a clinical and research tool to obtain a variety of quantitative estimates of marijuana, cigarette, and other drug use.
EROS ( Emotion Regulation of Others and Self)	Once a week for 8 weeks	Assesses strategies used to improve and worsen both one's own and others' emotions. It has two subscales. The intrinsic subscale measures emotion self-regulation using 10 items. The extrinsic subscale measures interpersonal emotion regulation using 9 items.
Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS)	Once a week for 8 weeks	The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) can be used to track changes weekly in the behaviors hypothesized to underlie depression and specifically targeted for change by behavioral activation. It examines changes in the following areas: activation, avoidance/rumination, work/school impairment, and social impairment.
Changes Among User Feasibility and Acceptability	Once a week for 8 weeks	User feasibility and acceptability will be assessed both during and following the 8 weeks of Moodivate or MoodKit treatment. During the course of Moodivate or MoodKit treatment, users will be prompted at random intervals to respond to a brief survey online assessing: 1) ease of use of the product, 2) continued desire to use the product, 3) perceived benefits of using the product, and 4) suggestions for product development/modifications for Behavioral Apptivation only). Following the 8 weeks of treatment, participants who were randomized to the Moodivate condition will attend a phone call with the Invesitgator at the Medical University of South Carolina.
Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS)	Once a week for 8 weeks	Assesses anhedonia a core symptom in depression
The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) i	Once a week for 8 weeks	The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a semi-structured interview for substance abuse assessment and treatment planning. The ASI is designed to gather valuable information about areas of a client's life that may contribute to their substance-abuse problems.
Client Treatment Adherence	Once a week for 8 weeks	Client treatment adherence will be measured based on the activity selection and scheduling component of Moodivate.
Profile of Mood States (POMS)	Once a week for 8 weeks	Measures affective mood states
Fagerstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence (FTND)	Once a week for 8 weeks	The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.
Contemplation Ladder	Once a week for 8 weeks	A measure of readiness to consider smoking cessation
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)	Once a week for 8 weeks	21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in children and adults