The effect of addition of bovine milk fat to infant formula on energy metabolism, postprandial lipid response, chylomicron composition and size, and satiety.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: Completed

Sex: Not specified

Target Recruitment: 20

Inclusion Criteria

* Caucasian male
* 18-28 years old
* Body mass index (BMI) 20-25 kg/m2.
* Regular consumption of milk (products)
* Haemoglobin (Hb) level > 8.4 mmol/L

Exclusion Criteria

* (symptoms of) cow*s milk allergy
* Lactose intolerance
* Metabolic diseases
* (known symptoms of) (auto)immune diseases, like diabetes
* (known symptoms of) gastro-intestinal diseases, like; irritable bowel syndrome
Intestinal malabsorption, diagnosed with celiac disease, Crohn*s disease, colitis ulcerosa, short bowel syndrome or surgical bowel interventions leading to malabsorption;
* Cardiovascular diseases
* Vegetarian/vegan
* Smoking (to be included, subject has to stopped smoking at least 6 months for the start of the study)
* Usage of over the counter drugs, such as antacids and laxatives
* Abuse of drugs
* Consumption of >21 glasses of alcohol per week
* More than 5 hours of strenuous exercise (>6.0 METS) every week
* High level of restraint eating, as determined by the NVE questionnaire (Nederlandse vragenlijst voor eetgedrag)
* Claustrophobia
* Unsuitable veins for blood sampling
* Blood donation during the two months before the start of the study and during the study
* Current participation in other scientific studies
* Employee of Human and Animal Physiology or Human Nutrition or BSc/MSc thesis student at Human and Animal Physiology

Study & Design

Study Type: Interventional

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The main parameter is the diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This will be<br /><br>measured for five hours after the consumption of the infant formula products. </p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>Secondary study parameters are postprandial lipid profile, respiratory exchange<br /><br>ratio, and triglyceride level, apolipoprotein levels, phospholipid level, fatty<br /><br>acid profile and chylomicron size, which will all be measured in<br /><br>chylomicron-rich fraction of plasma. Furthermore, glucose, insulin and satiety<br /><br>hormone levels will be measured in blood, acetone concentrations in exhaled air<br /><br>and satiety will further be investigated via questionnaires and caloric intake<br /><br>at an ad libitum lunch.</p><br>