Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure

Not Applicable

Recruiting

• Conditions: Nutrition; Healthy Male and Female Subjects

• Registration Number: NCT06853249
• Lead Sponsor: University of Kiel

Brief Summary

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?

* Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?

Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.

Participants will:

* spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)

* consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2025-02-13
• Study First Submitted QC: 2025-02-24
• Study First Posted: 2025-02-28
• Status Verified: 2025-04
• Study Start: 2025-04
• Last Update Submitted: 2025-04-08
• Last Update Posted: 2025-04-11
• Primary Completion: 2025-12
• Study Completion: 2026-03

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 20

Inclusion Criteria

• healthy males and females
• Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
• low to medium habitual physical activity
• women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)

Exclusion Criteria

• smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
• chronic illnesses
• regular intake of medication
• Anemia and/or iron deficiency
• food allergies / intolerances
• vegans
• regular high physical activity (exercise >1 hour/d)
• current weight loss diet / weight loss of >5 kg in the last 3 months
• restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
• active participation in another trial
• pregnant / lactating women
• persons incapable of giving informed legal consent

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
ad libitum energy intake	for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads	measured during preload and lunch \[kcal\] following the preload in both arms

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
gastric emptying	for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads	gastric half-emptying time \[min\] determined with 13C-sodium acetate breath test, only assessed during arm "isocaloric preload"
eating rate at lunch	at 5 hours after consumption of the preload	assessed during ad libitum lunch \[g/min\] following the preload in both arms
number of chews per bite at lunch	at 5 hours after consumption of the preload	assessed during ad libitum lunch \[number\] following the preload in both arms
serum ghrelin concentrations	for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads	area under the serum ghrelin concentration curve over 3 hours
serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations	for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads	area under the serum PYY concentration curve over 3 hours
serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations	for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads	area under the serum GLP-1 concentration curve over 3 hours
energy expenditure	measured for 9.5 hours	Measured as kcal for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch.
macronutrient oxidation	measured for 9.5 hours	Measured as respiratory exchange ratio (RER) for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition; 🇩🇪 Kiel, Germany