Efficacy of velocity time integral and left ventricular end diastolic area using transthoracic echocardiographic for predicting hypotension induced by general anesthesia

General anesthesia is essential for modern surgery, ensuring unconsciousness and pain relief during invasive procedures. However, it often leads to hypotension, which can cause severe complications like myocardial infarction, stroke, and renal failure. Hypotension during anesthesia results from factors such as vasodilation, reduced vascular resistance, and cardiac depression, highlighting the need for early risk identification and preventive measures. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has become a vital tool for assessing cardiac function, offering real-time visualization of heart structures and blood flow. TTE-derived parameters like Velocity Time Integral (VTI), which measures stroke volume, and Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Area (LVEDA), indicating ventricular filling and function, are particularly useful for evaluating cardiac health. These parameters can help predict and manage anesthesia-induced hypotension, especially in non-cardiac patients, by enabling early risk detection and timely intervention. This study explores the potential of VTI and LVEDA as predictive markers for hypotension during general anesthesia, aiming to enhance perioperative care and patient safety through improved risk stratification and monitoring.