Risk Factors to Develop Chronic Postsurgical Pediatric Pain: An Observational Study

Type of surgery

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Surgery Specialty.

Previous pathologies

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Previous pathologies

Baseline Child Catastrophizing

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Assess by Child Catastrophizing scale.The Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child (PCS-C);is a validated self-report measure that is used to assess negative thinking associated with pain. The PCS-C include 13 items, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = "not at all true" to 4 = "very true." The items are divided across three subscales: rumination (4 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I can't keep it out of my mind"), magnification (3 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I keep thinking of other painful events") and helplessness (6 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I feel like I can't go on"

Change of Child Catastrophizing at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 months

Assess by Child Catastrophizing scale.The Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child (PCS-C);is a validated self-report measure that is used to assess negative thinking associated with pain. The PCS-C include 13 items, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = "not at all true" to 4 = "very true." The items are divided across three subscales: rumination (4 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I can't keep it out of my mind"), magnification (3 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I keep thinking of other painful events") and helplessness (6 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I feel like I can't go on"

Change of Child Catastrophizing at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 months

Assess by Child Catastrophizing scale.The Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child (PCS-C);is a validated self-report measure that is used to assess negative thinking associated with pain. The PCS-C include 13 items, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = "not at all true" to 4 = "very true." The items are divided across three subscales: rumination (4 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I can't keep it out of my mind"), magnification (3 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I keep thinking of other painful events") and helplessness (6 items, e.g. "When I have pain, I feel like I can't go on"

Baseline Child Anxiety

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Assess by Child Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) is a 20-item scale for children adapted from the adult PASS-20. For each statement, children are asked to rate the extent to which they think, act, or feel that way on a scale from 0 (''never think, act or feel that way'') to 5 (''always think, act, or feel that way''). Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of pain anxiety.

Change of Child Anxiety at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Assess by Child Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) is a 20-item scale for children adapted from the adult PASS-20. For each statement, children are asked to rate the extent to which they think, act, or feel that way on a scale from 0 (''never think, act or feel that way'') to 5 (''always think, act, or feel that way''). Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of pain anxiety.

Change of Child Anxiety at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Assess by Child Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) is a 20-item scale for children adapted from the adult PASS-20. For each statement, children are asked to rate the extent to which they think, act, or feel that way on a scale from 0 (''never think, act or feel that way'') to 5 (''always think, act, or feel that way''). Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of pain anxiety.

Baseline Pain Interference

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Asess by PROMIS-Pediatric Pain Interference Scale (PPIS): The 8-item PPIS assesses how the child's pain has interfered with certain aspects of their life over the past 7 days (eg, sleep, attention, schoolwork, physical activities, emotion). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from "never" to "almost always". Scores range from 0 to 32 where higher scores indicate greater pain-related functional impairment.

Change of Pain Interference at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Asess by PROMIS-Pediatric Pain Interference Scale (PPIS): The 8-item PPIS assesses how the child's pain has interfered with certain aspects of their life over the past 7 days (eg, sleep, attention, schoolwork, physical activities, emotion). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from "never" to "almost always". Scores range from 0 to 32 where higher scores indicate greater pain-related functional impairment.

Change of Pain Interference at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Asess by PROMIS-Pediatric Pain Interference Scale (PPIS): The 8-item PPIS assesses how the child's pain has interfered with certain aspects of their life over the past 7 days (eg, sleep, attention, schoolwork, physical activities, emotion). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from "never" to "almost always". Scores range from 0 to 32 where higher scores indicate greater pain-related functional impairment.

Baseline Child Fear of pain

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Assess by The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Children (FOPQ-C): Is a validated self-report measure that used to asses fear of pain in children. The FOPQ-C include 23 ítems, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging 0=" not at all" 5="very true". The items are divided across two subscales: fear of pain, and avoidance activities.

Change of Child Fear of pain at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Assess by The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Children (FOPQ-C): Is a validated self-report measure that used to asses fear of pain in children. The FOPQ-C include 23 ítems, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging 0=" not at all" 5="very true". The items are divided across two subscales: fear of pain, and avoidance activities.

Change of Child Fear of pain at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Assess by The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Children (FOPQ-C): Is a validated self-report measure that used to asses fear of pain in children. The FOPQ-C include 23 ítems, which are rated on a 5-point scale ranging 0=" not at all" 5="very true". The items are divided across two subscales: fear of pain, and avoidance activities.

Baseline Child Kinesiophobia

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Assess by The Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Is a 11-item scale that measures fear of move- ment-evoked pain and injury. Scale items ranges from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) with 4 reversed- scored items. Total scores range from 25 to 56 with higher scores indicative of a greater fear of movement.

Change of Child Kinesiophobia at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Assess by The Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Is a 11-item scale that measures fear of move- ment-evoked pain and injury. Scale items ranges from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) with 4 reversed- scored items. Total scores range from 25 to 56 with higher scores indicative of a greater fear of movement.

Change of Child Kinesiophobia at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Assess by The Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Is a 11-item scale that measures fear of move- ment-evoked pain and injury. Scale items ranges from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) with 4 reversed- scored items. Total scores range from 25 to 56 with higher scores indicative of a greater fear of movement.

Baseline Health-related Quality of Life in Children

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Pediatric Quality of Life version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0), which is a widely used measure of health-related quality of life in children. The PedsQL consists of 23-items and includes both child-report (for those age 8 and over). The PedsQL assesses the following four domains of functioning: physical, emotional, social, and school and items are rated on a five-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 0 (never a problem) to 4 (almost always a problem). Items are converted to create a 0-100 scale, with higher scores reflecting higher quality of life.

Change of Health-related Quality of Life in Children at 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Pediatric Quality of Life version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0), which is a widely used measure of health-related quality of life in children. The PedsQL consists of 23-items and includes both child-report (for those age 8 and over). The PedsQL assesses the following four domains of functioning: physical, emotional, social, and school and items are rated on a five-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 0 (never a problem) to 4 (almost always a problem). Items are converted to create a 0-100 scale, with higher scores reflecting higher quality of life.

Change Health-related Quality of Life in Children at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Pediatric Quality of Life version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0), which is a widely used measure of health-related quality of life in children. The PedsQL consists of 23-items and includes both child-report (for those age 8 and over). The PedsQL assesses the following four domains of functioning: physical, emotional, social, and school and items are rated on a five-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 0 (never a problem) to 4 (almost always a problem). Items are converted to create a 0-100 scale, with higher scores reflecting higher quality of life.

Baseline Pain intensity

Time Frame: 1 day presurgery

Assess by The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a verbally administered scale that measures pain intensity (''how much pain do you feel right now?''). The NRS can also be used to measure pain unpleas- antness (''how unpleasant/horrible/yucky is the pain right now?''). The end points represent the extremes of the pain experience.

Change of Pain intensity 3 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 3 moths

Assess by The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a verbally administered scale that measures pain intensity (''how much pain do you feel right now?''). The NRS can also be used to measure pain unpleas- antness (''how unpleasant/horrible/yucky is the pain right now?''). The end points represent the extremes of the pain experience.

Change of Pain intensity at 6 moths postsurgery

Time Frame: 6 moths

Assess by The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a verbally administered scale that measures pain intensity (''how much pain do you feel right now?''). The NRS can also be used to measure pain unpleas- antness (''how unpleasant/horrible/yucky is the pain right now?''). The end points represent the extremes of the pain experience.