Comparison of Dexmedetomidine & Lignocaine Infusion on Perioperative Hemodynamics, Postoperative Analgesia & Recovery of Postoperative Gastrointestinal Function in Patients for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

After approval from hospital ethical committee and obtaining informed written consent from every patient, patient fulfilling the criteria of inclusion. All patients will be categorized into two different groups using computer generated random number table. Demographic information (name, age, gender, weight, ASA) will be noted. All patients will undergo a preoperative assessment on the day before surgery. They will be pre-medicated with oral midazolam 0.05 mg/kg 2 h before surgery. Anesthesia induction will be done by doing pre-oxygenation for 3 minutes with 100% oxygen, propofol 2-2.5 mg/kg intravenous (IV) and nalbuphine 0.1mg/kg intravenous (IV). Tracheal intubation will be facilitated by succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg IV. Anaesthesia will be maintained with isoflurane 0.6 mac, 60% nitrous oxide, 40% oxygen, atracurium 0.5mg/kg bolus followed by 0.15mg/kg maintenance dose every 30 mints until completion of surgery. Patients Intraoperative monitoring will include electrocardiogram leads II and V5, non-invasive blood pressure at 5 min intervals, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide and nasopharyngeal temperature. Patients will be ventilated by intermittent positive pressure ventilation using a circle system to maintain normocapnia. In group A, patients will be given inj. dexmedetomidine infusion @ 0.2-0.4 μg/kg/h intraoperatively. In group B, patients will be given inj. lignocaine infusion @1-2 mg/kg/h intraoperatively. All anesthesia procedures will be done by researcher under supervision of senior consultant anesthesiologist having at least 4years residency experience. The person who will prepare the study drugs will not participate in the data collection procedure. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure will be assessed before induction of anesthesia, then at 5, 10, 20,30, and every 30 minutes till the completion of surgery. Hypotension (MAP <20% of the baseline or <65 mmHg) will be treated with infusion of normal saline and if required injection phenylephrine boluses IV. Bradycardia (HR <40 beats/min) will be treated with IV atropine 40 µg/kg bolus in both intraoperative and post-operative period. All patients will receive paracetamol 15 mg/kg IV and ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg IV ½ hour before the completion of surgery. At the end of surgery, residual neuromuscular block will be antagonized with 0.05mg/kg of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate IV. Tracheal extubation will be performed on meeting the standard criteria for extubating. Total operative time will be noted. After procedure, patients will be shifted in intensive care unit and will be followed-up there for 24 hours. Patients will be assessed for postoperative pain score. when pain will be ≥4 on visual analogue scale rescue analgesia will be given and time will be noted. Total duration from time of surgery till need for rescue analgesia will be noted (as per operational definition). Total opioid consumption /24 hrs. will be noted along with nausea and vomiting. Recovery of postop gastrointestinal function will be assessed using 5 point I-FEED scale at 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. All the information will be recorded on proforma (attached).