Impact of Amount of Fluid for Circulatory Resuscitation on Renal Function in Patients in Shock: Evaluating the Combination of Intraabdominal Pressure and Renal Resistive Index With Hemodynamic Parameters for Guidance of Shock Therapy - A Multicenter International Clinical Trial

Background and Rationale, clinical evidence to date:

All forms of shock and especially septic shock, in which tissue metabolic demands are not fulfilled by blood supply, are main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and develops in one third of the patients admitted to the ICU. Not only is this high incidence alarming, the uncertainty about the undeceiving parameters for guidance of fluid resuscitation to not only avoid acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy but also the consequences of fluid overload, such as interstitial pulmonary edema, underline the importance of further research within this field. This is why the investigators would like to contribute to the establishment of new parameters for the guidance of shock therapy focusing on the first 72 hours, amending the currently used parameters (i.e. cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure) with new measurements, including assessment of total body water, renal vascular resistance (renal resistive index (RRI)) and microcirculatory blood flow.

Although the application of intravenous crystalloid fluids, red blood cell concentrates in anemia, and catecholamines or inotropes are the mainstay of shock therapy, no clear endpoints for the fluid resuscitation or the hemodynamic endpoints for catecholamine therapy have been established so far. Static parameters such as central venous or arterial pressure, cardiac output, or plasma lactate failed in the guidance of the amount of fluid administered. The administration of intravenous fluids in response to so-called dynamic tests, such as stroke volume variation in response to fluid bolus administration, also did not show an influence on organ dysfunction and mortality due to shock. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most frequent organ dysfunction in patients in shock. Despite a more aggressive early fluid resuscitation and correction of arterial blood pressure, the incidence of AKI does not seem to decrease. One possible reason is that the excessive amount of fluid administered to these patients for hemodynamic stabilization and maintenance of urinary output harm kidney function. Indeed, a correlation between total amount of fluid administered, high central venous pressure, organ dysfunction, and mortality has been shown in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Established static and dynamic hemodynamic parameters are not influenced by the severity of capillary leakage and microcirculatory impairment due to inflammation-induced injury in capillaries. The relatively low perfusion pressure together with interstitial edema, microcirculatory injury, and a high outflow pressure may harm renal function by a decreased glomerular urine excretion. Intraabdominal pressure, total body water, and central venous pressure together with the renal resistive index may be additional measurements to reduce the rate of acute kidney injury and to guide fluid therapy in shock.

The goal of the present study is to refine fluid resuscitation endpoints with new measurements to administer the optimal amount of fluid with the smallest possible adverse effects. Complexity of therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock as well as in other shock states was the topic of numerous studies showing no benefit of advanced macro-circulatory parameters for guidance of fluid resuscitation in shock. If the chosen measurements are unable to establish new endpoints for guidance in shock therapy, the investigators' research might be expanded to the evaluation of future therapies, such as biomarkers or stem cells. After establishment of more regional resuscitation endpoints, the investigators plan to evaluate these endpoints in a randomized, controlled setting against established hemodynamically-guided shock therapy.

Investigational measurements: