The Effect of Biological Maturation on Indices of Exercise-induced Muscle Damage, Neuromuscular Fatigue and Performance After Acute Plyometric Exercise
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 20
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Changes in counermovement jump
研究概览
简要总结
Plyometric training comprises one of the most widely used training methods in both individual and team sports, and is widely used by coaches as one of the main training in both adults, and children. Plyometric training highly includes the component of eccentric contraction. However, eccentric muscle action, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), which is accompanied by increased delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), inflammatory responses, increased levels of muscle proteins into the circulation, oxidative stress, and reduction of muscle function and performance the following days. Although plyometric training is widely used in children and may lead to EIMD, there is limited data regarding the acute effects of plyometric exercise training in children. Additionally, the effect of the biological maturation status of children on EIMD after acute plyometric exercise training has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of biological maturation on EIMD after acute plyometric exercise training in children.
详细描述
Plyometric training comprises one of the most widely used training methods in both individual and team sports. Plyometric training has been shown to improve neuromuscular stimulation, jumping ability, muscle strength, flexibility, muscle mass and muscle performance, running speed and muscle power. Therefore, it is widely used by coaches as one of the main training methods, in both adults, and children).
Plyometric training consists of exercises performed through the stretch-shortening cycle of the muscle where the pre-activated muscle is first stretched (eccentric action) followed by the shortening (concentric) action. Therefore, plyometric training highly includes the component of eccentric contraction. However, eccentric muscle action, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). EIMD, amongst others, is accompanied by increased delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, increased levels of muscle proteins and collagen into the circulation, and reduction of muscle function and performance.
The effect of acute plyometric training on EIMD, neuromuscular fatigue and performance has been adequately investigated in adults. Indicatively, an acute protocol of plyometric training increased DOMS, blood inflammatory markers, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, while decreased jumping performance for up to 72 hours after the end of the training. In contrast, data regarding the effect of acute plyometric training on the above indices in children are scarce. Additionally, although some data exist on children versus adults, as far as we know, there is no relative data between children with different stages of biological maturation, regardless the common use of plyometric exercises in youth training. However, such data is crucial for both coaches and young athletes to effectively design the training microcycles and incorporate the training components, but also to reduce the risk of injury.
The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of different biological maturation on EIMD, metabolism, neuromuscular fatigue, oxidative stress, and muscle performance after acute plyometric exercise training in children.
According to a preliminary power analysis (probability error: 0.05, power: 0.80, effect size: 0.30), a total sample of 9 participants per group was considered appropriate in order to detect statistically meaningful changes between groups. Thus, twenty healthy male children, aged 8-15 years old, will participate to the study. Written informed consent will be provided by the parents or legal guardians of children after they will be informed about all risks, discomforts, and benefits involved in the study. The procedures will be in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013. Approval has been received from the bioethics committee of the Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Non Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Screening
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 8 Years 至 15 Years（Child）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Normal BMI
- •No history of growth irregularities
- •No musculoskeletal injuries for at least six months prior to the study
- •No use of drugs or ergogenic supplements for at least one month prior to the study
- •No participation at exercise with eccentric component for at least three days prior to the study
- •No energy drinks consumption before each experimental trial
排除标准
- •Abnormal BMI
- •History of growth irregularities
- •Musculoskeletal injuries in the last six months prior to the study
- •Use of drugs or ergogenic supplements in the last month prior to the study
- •Participation at exercise with eccentric component in the last three days prior to the study
- •Energy drinks consumption before each experimental trial
结局指标
主要结局
Changes in counermovement jump
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
Counermovement jump height will be measured using a Chronojump contact platform
Changes in 10m sprint time
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
10m sprint time will be measured using light cells Chronojump system
Changes in 30m sprint time
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
30m sprint time will be measured using light cells Chronojump system
Changes in Creatine kinase
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
CK will be measured in plasma using a Clinical Chemistry Analyzer with commercially available kits.
Changes in squat jump
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
Squat jump height will be measured using a Chronojump contact platform
Changes in concentric peak torque
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
Concentric peak torque of knee extensors and knee flexors will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Changes in eccentric peak torque
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
Eccentric peak torque of knee extensors and knee flexors will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)
时间窗: Baseline (pre), post-, 1 hour post-, 2 hours post-, 3 hours post-plyometric training
MVIC of knee extensors will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Changes in blood lactate
时间窗: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-plyometric training
Lactate will be measured in capillary blood with a hand-portable analyzer.
Changes in DOMS
时间窗: Baseline (pre), post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours postplyometric training
DOMS of knee extensors and knee flexors of both lower extremities will be measured during palpation of the muscle belly and the distal region after performing three repetitions of a full squat and each participant will rate perceived soreness on a scale ranging from 1 (no soreness) to 10 (very sore).
Changes in isometric peak torque
时间窗: Baseline (pre), post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-plyometric training
Isometric peak torque of knee extensors and knee flexors will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
次要结局
- Biological maturation stage(Baseline)
- Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)(Baseline)
- Body fat(Baseline)
- Body mass index (BMI)(Baseline)
- Dietary intake(Baseline)
- Testosterone levels(Baseline)
- Body height(Baseline)
- Body weight(Baseline)
- Lean body mass(Baseline)
- Age from Peak Height Velocity (APHV)(Baseline)
研究者
Chariklia K. Deli
Assistant Professor
University of Thessaly