Perioperative Hypothermia and Myocardial Injury After Non-cardiac Surgery

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Surgery--Complications
Myocardial Injury
Perioperative Care
Hypothermia; Anesthesia

Interventions: Device: routine thermal management
Device: aggressive warming

Brief Summary: We propose to test the hypothesis that aggressive warming reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular complications, compared to routine care. Half of the participants will be randomly assigned to routine care (core temperature ≈35.5°C), while the other half will receive aggressive warming (\>37°C core temperature) in a multi-center trial.

Detailed Description: Hypothermia increases sympathetic activation, promotes tachycardia, and causes hypertension - all of which may increase the risk of myocardial injury. Moderate perioperative hypothermia is now uncommon, but mild hyperthermia (≈35.5°C) remains common. Whether aggressive warming to a truly normothermic level (≈37°C) improves outcomes remains unknown.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Scheduled for major noncardiac surgery expected to last 2-6 hours;
Having general anesthesia;
Expected to require at least overnight hospitalization;
Expected to have >50% of the anterior skin surface available for warming;
Have at least one of the following risk factors:

a. Age over 65 years; b. History of peripheral vascular surgery; c. History of coronary artery disease; d. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack; e. Serum creatinine >175 µmal/L (>2.0 mg/dl); f. Diabetes requiring medication; e. Hypertension requiring medication; g. Current smoking.

Exclusion Criteria

Have a clinically important coagulopathy in the judgement of the attending anesthesiologist;
Are septic (clinical diagnosis by the attending anesthesiologist);
Body mass index exceeding 30 kg/m2;
End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis;
Surgeon believes patient to be at particular infection risk.

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Routine thermal management	routine thermal management	Patients assigned to routine thermal management will not be pre-warmed and ambient intraoperative temperature will be maintained near 20°C per routine. Only transfused blood will be warmed. An Multi-Position Upper Body Warming Blanket forced-air cover will be positioned over an appropriate non-operative site, but will not initially be activated. Should core temperature decrease to 35.5°C, the warmer will be activated as necessary to prevent core temperature from decreasing further.
Aggressive thermal management	aggressive warming	Patients assigned to aggressive warming will be pre-warmed with a full-body Bair Hugger or Bair Paws cover for ≈30 minutes before induction of anesthesia. The warmer will initially be set to "high" which corresponds to ≈43°C. It will be subsequently adjusted to make patients feel warm, but not uncomfortably so. Patients will be aggressively warmed during surgery to a target intraoperative core temperature between 37 and 37.5°C, using an Multi-Position Upper Body and Full Access Underbody Warming Blankets forced-air covers when clinically practical. All intravenous fluids will be warmed to body temperature.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants With a Composite Outcome Consisted of Myocardial Injury After Non-cardiac Surgery (MINS), Non-fatal Cardiac Arrest, and All-cause Mortality	From the end of surgery to 30 days after surgery	The primary outcome was a composite of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery, non-fatal cardiac arrest, and all-cause mortality within 30 days of surgery. Myocardial injury was diagnosed when available troponin concentrations exceeded generation-specific and type-specific thresholds and were apparently of ischaemic origin (ie, no other obvious cause for artifactual elevation). We used the following thresholds based on available literature at time of adjudication: 1) non-high-sensitivity (fourth-generation) troponin T ≥0.03 ng/ml2; 2) high-sensitivity troponin T ≥65 ng/L; or high-sensitivity troponin T 20-64 ng/L and an increase ≥5 ng/L from baseline3; 3) high-sensitivity troponin I (Abbott assay) is ≥75 ng/L4; 4) high-sensitivity troponin I (Siemens assay) is ≥60 ng/L5; or, 5) troponin I (other assays) greater than local 99th percentiles. Myocardial infarction diagnosis required both troponin elevation and at least one diagnostic symptom or sign.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Duration of Hospitalization	From the day of surgery to the day of discharge, or 30 days after surgery if the patients is still hospitalized	The length of hospital stay in days, censored at 30 days
Deep or Organ-space Surgical Site Infection	From the end of surgery to 30 days after surgery	Surgical site infection is defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. It is consisted of superficial infection, deep infection, and organ-space infection. Superficial infection: Infection involves only skin or subcutaneous tissue of the incision. Deep infection: Infection appears to be related to the operation and infection involves deep soft tissues (e.g., fascial and muscle layers) of the incision. Organ-space infection: Infection involves any part of the anatomy (e.g., organs or spaces), other than the incision, which was opened or manipulated during an operation.
Number of Patients Requiring Intraoperative Transfusion	From surgery start to surgery end	intraoperative transfusion will be yes if this patient received more than 0 unit of red blood cells.
Readmission	From the end of surgery to 30 days after surgery	Readmission to a hospital within a month of surgery

Locations (11): West China Hospital Sichuan Univeristy
🇨🇳
Chengdu, China
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
🇺🇸
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
PUMCH
🇨🇳
Beijing, China
Guangdong General Hospital
🇨🇳
Guangzhou, China
Chinese University of Hong Kong
🇨🇳
Hong Kong, China
Queen Mary Hospital
🇨🇳
Hong Kong, China
Shanghai Chest Hospital
🇨🇳
Shanghai, China
Shanghai Oriental Hospital
🇨🇳
Shanghai, China
FDSCC (Fudan University Shanghai
🇨🇳
Shanghai, China
Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital
🇨🇳
Shanghai, China
Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital
🇨🇳
Nanjing, China