Perioperative Anticoagulant (Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, or Apixaban) Use for Elective Surgery/Procedure Evaluation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Part 2 Randomized Control Trial Pilot
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Sponsor
- McMaster University
- Enrollment
- 201
- Locations
- 3
- Primary Endpoint
- Number of patients who had a major bleed
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The proposed PAUSE-2 RCT study is the logical next step to the Perioperative Anticoagulant Use for Surgery Evaluation (PAUSE) study, which was completed on August 31, 2018. Both studies address the perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) and require an elective surgery/procedure. PAUSE did not address safe management of patients having a high-bleed-risk surgery/neuraxial anesthesia in whom there is concern about bleeding, especially neuraxial-related epidural hematomas that can lead to paralysis; such patients are often managed by the approach recommended by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA). In PAUSE-2, investigators will test the hypothesis: (i) for patients having a high-bleed-risk surgery/neuraxial anesthesia, the simpler "PAUSE management" is as safe (non-inferior) to the more complex "ASRA management". PAUSE-2 will establish a standard for perioperative DOAC management in patients having high-bleed-risk surgery or neuraxial anesthesia.
To start, this will be a pilot study of a larger PAUSE-2-RCT. The investigators will be conducting this pilot study to assess the feasibility of the study at this smaller scale.
Detailed Description
The proposed PAUSE-2 RCT study is the logical next step to the Perioperative Anticoagulant Use for Surgery Evaluation (PAUSE) study, which was completed on August 31, 2018 and presented at the American Society of Hematology Conference on December 4, 2018. Both studies address the perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) (apixaban, dabigatran or rivaroxaban) and require an elective surgery/procedure. Standardized, DOAC-specific perioperative management is needed to: (i) minimize patient harm related to serious perioperative adverse events, comprising arterial thromboembolism (A-TE) and major bleeding (MB); and (ii) allow consistent, cost-efficient management that avoids cancelled surgeries/procedures and the need to reverse DOACs. PAUSE did not address safe management of patients having a high-bleed-risk surgery/neuraxial anesthesia in whom there is concern about bleeding, especially neuraxial-related epidural hematomas that can lead to paralysis; such patients are often managed by the approach recommended by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA).
In PAUSE-2, the primary question is: (i) In patients having a high-bleed-risk surgery/neuraxial anesthesia, is the simple, shorter-DOAC-interruption PAUSE management as safe as the more complex, longer-interruption ASRA approach? Hypothesis: PAUSE management is non-inferior to ASRA management with expected perioperative risks in both groups of 2.5% for MB (2% non-inferiority margin) and 0.5% for A-TE (1% non-inferiority margin).
In PAUSE-2, the secondary question is: (i) are the PAUSE and ASRA management approaches associated with similar proportions of patients with minimal-to-no residual DOAC levels at surgery, and similar adherence to the DOAC interruption/resumption protocols? Exploratory postulate: PAUSE and ASRA approaches will have similar proportion of patients (±5%) with DOAC levels (<30, 30-49.9, and ≥50 ng/mL), and protocol adherence to perioperative DOACs interrupted and resumed.
Approximately 201 patients will be recruited for the PAUSE-2 Study pilot. This is 10% of the proposed main study (2,010 participants).
In all patients, a 5 mL blood sample will be taken just before surgery (but will be not available for clinical use and cannot be used for genetic testing). Plasma will be frozen and stored at each clinical site before shipment to the core laboratory at McMaster University for storage and standardized DOAC level measurement.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •Adult (age ≥18 years) with AF/flutter who is receiving a DOAC: apixaban 2.5 mg or 5 mg BID; dabigatran 110 mg or 150 mg BID; or rivaroxaban 15 mg or 20 mg QD.
- •Undergoing an elective surgery/procedure associated with a high-bleed-risk or any surgery/procedure requiring neuraxial anesthesia (includes regional blocks)
- •Patient and their clinician are willing to adhere to DOAC interruption/continuation protocols.
- •Patient to resume DOAC after surgery/procedure (i.e., no intent to discontinue DOAC).
Exclusion Criteria
- •Creatinine clearance (CrCl) <30 mL/min (dabigatran, rivaroxaban) and <25 mL/min (apixaban) based on the Cockroft-Gault equation, which is recommended for DOAC dosing.
- •Patient taking a DOAC that is infrequently used (i.e., edoxaban, <5% Canadian DOAC market share in 2018) or is not available for clinical use in Canada or Europe (i.e., betrixaban).
- •Patient taking a DOAC for a non-AF clinical indication (excluded to maintain study population homogeneity).
- •Cognitive impairment or psychiatric illness that precludes collection of follow-up data.
- •Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent.
- •Previous participation in PAUSE-2.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Number of patients who had a major bleed
Time Frame: Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date
≥1 of the criteria below: * bleeding that is fatal or is symptomatic and retroperitoneal, intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, pericardial, intramuscular with compartment syndrome, or intra-articular * non-surgical bleeding causing a drop in hemoglobin ≥20 g/L (1.24 mmol/L) or leading to transfusion ≥2 units whole blood or red cells within 48 hours of the bleed * surgical bleed that leads to intervention (e.g., re-operation) or has one of: (i) interferes with mobilization; (ii) leads to delayed wound healing; or (iii) leads to deep wound infection * surgical site bleeding that is unexpected and prolonged and/or sufficiently large to cause hemodynamic instability associated with: (i) drop in hemoglobin ≥20 g/L (1.24 mmol/L); or (ii) transfusion of ≥2 units whole blood or red cells within 48 hours of the bleed
Number of patients who had an Arterial Thromboembolism (ATE)
Time Frame: Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date
Any of the following: stroke, systemic embolism, and/or transient ischemic attack. * Ischemic stroke: any new focal neurologic deficit that persists for \>24 hours or any new focal neurologic deficit of any duration, that occurs with evidence of acute infarction on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. * Systemic embolism: symptomatic embolism to upper or lower extremity or abdominal organ, confirmed intra-operatively or by objective imaging (e.g., CT angiography). * Transient ischemic attack: symptomatic focal neurologic deficit (lasting typically \<1 hour), that occurs with no evidence of acute infarction on CT/MRI of brain.
Secondary Outcomes
- Number of patients who died(Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date)
- Number of patients who had a Clinically Relevant Non-Major Bleed(Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date)
- Number of patients who had a Minor Bleed(Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date)
- Number of patients who had a Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)(Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date)
- Number of patients who had an Acute Coronary Syndrome(Each patient will be followed up every 7 days up to completion at 28 days post procedure date)
Investigators
James Douketis
Dr. James Douketis-Principal Investigator
McMaster University