Does Hydrogen Peroxide Skin Preparation Reduce Propionibacterium Acnes in Shoulder Arthroplasty?

Over half of all post-operative infections after shoulder arthroplasty are due to Propionibacterium acnes. Even in apparently "aseptic" revisions, nearly all cultures taken at the time of revision surgery are positive for P acnes, and thus low-grade infection with this bacteria may be a more common cause of failure than previously suspected. Current antibiotic prophylaxis methods are ineffective against P acnes. Despite intravenous cefazolin, P acnes can be cultured from the glenohumeral joint in 42% of patients undergoing primary total shoulder arthroplasty. Despite skin preparation with chlorhexidine, P acnes can be cultured from 73% of portal sites in arthroscopy. P acnes is further insensitive to alcohol. Dermatologists have long been treating P acnes as it is a primary cause of acne vulgaris. One of the most popular and effective treatments for acne vulgaris is topical benzoyl peroxide. A prior prospective clinical trial demonstrated that adding topical 5% benzoyl peroxide 48 hours prior to surgery reduced P acnes culture positivity to 6%. The downside of this treatment is that it must be applied by the patient, at home, for 48 hours prior to surgery. An additional downside is that benzoyl peroxide is a skin irritant that not all patients tolerate.

In aqueous environments, benzoyl peroxide rapidly decomposes into benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Benzoic acid is a skin irritant and hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient. Benzoyl peroxide is used instead of hydrogen peroxide because hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen when exposed to light. Recently, stabilized forms of hydrogen peroxide have been developed and have been demonstrated to be equally effective to benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne vulgaris. One potential reason for hydrogen peroxide's efficacy against P acnes is that it is absorbed into the skin, addressing P acnes residing in sebaceous glands. To date, no studies have examined whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide to pre-operative skin preparation can reduce intra-operative P acnes culture positivity.