Protein Delivery in Intermittent and Continuous Enteral Nutrition in ICU Patients A Prospective, Randomised Controlled Pilot Study in Critical Ill Patients With a Protein-rich Formula

The relevance of early continuous or intermittent enteral feeding of critically ill patients has been discussed controversially in the last years. Today, continuous feeding is still the standard for enteral nutrition in the ICU. The continuous nutrition can prevent abdominal intolerance like vomiting, diarrhoea and aspiration. Pulmonary aspiration is the most dramatic consequence of enteral nutrition and can be limited by a continuous feeding as shown by a study in 2003. However, nutrition was started with a bolus of 125ml as baseline by force of gravity over 15 minutes. Compared to the continuous nutrition, this is considered much volume in a short time. Naturally, risk of gastric intolerance in this scenario is very high.

In other studies, a similar amount of nutrition was given over a longer period of time (30 - 60 minutes) every 4 hours. In each cohort (continuous and bolus), only one case of pulmonary aspiration or tube obstruction was detected. After this study, other trials with a similar result followed. In 2007 a trial of Georgia et al. showed no statistical differences in complications regarding tube feeding, no differences of diarrhoea, emesis or pneumonias between continuous and bolus nutrition. The feeding time for bolus nutrition is also a critical influential factor. When an intermittent feeding is given over a longer period of time (20-40 minutes), the incidence of nausea and vomiting has not increased.

Intermittent feeding is not only a good alternative to continuous feeding, but also more natural, as long-term intake of nutrition over 20 hours is not common in any mammal. The alimentary tract and metabolic pathways of humans seem designed for intermittent ingestion of essential nutrients reduced to a few times a day. Different hormones of the endocrine cells affect complex roles of gastrointestinal motility, gall bladder contraction and nutrient absorption. The level of these hormones depends on the amount of nutrient ingestion. This response of the hormones is almost completely abolished in continuous feeding. But in intermittent nutrition, hormones like incretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) boost the level of insulin and the resulting carbohydrate load and therefore influence the muscle protein synthesis and breakdown.

In healthy individuals, the anabolic effects of feeding occur due to an increase on the synthetic rate of muscle protein synthesis of approximately 300% with a simultaneous 50% decrease in the rate of protein breakdown. Two studies of 2009 and 2011 compared the intermittent bolus and continuous feeding and the effect of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in neonatal pigs. They analysed the fractional rates of protein synthesis in muscle samples of continuous and intermittent bolus feeding groups. They could show that although both groups, continuous and intermittent bolus feeding, stimulate muscle protein synthesis, but in the bolus-fed, in the fractional rates of protein synthesis called K's was greater after a meal.

An ongoing study wants to show the effect of bolus vs. continuous feeding in ICU patients related to muscle wasting by measurements of ultrasound and blood samples. In this trial, the investigators would like to have a similar approach but with different measurements. Using ultrasound and muscle biopsies, the investigators aim to determine whether intermittent enteral feeding could preserve muscle mass better or more than standard continuous enteral feeding in the critically ill patients. In addition, the investigators would like to assess if intermittent bolus feeding optimizes protein intake in the first 7 days of critical illness since the intermittent route is less affected by interruptions following treatment and diagnostic procedures.