Can Caudal Dexmedetomidine Provide Effective Analgesia During Pediatric Inguinoscrotal Surgery?

• Introduction

• Caudal anesthesia is a relatively low-risk technique commonly used, either on its own or in combination with sedation or general anesthesia.
• Caudal anesthesia is one of the most used-popular regional blocks in children. This technique is a useful adjunct during general anesthesia and for providing postoperative analgesia after infra-umbilical operations.
• Caudal blocks performed on sedated children, enable not only early ambulation, but also periprocedural hemodynamic stability and spontaneous breathing in patient groups at maximum risk of a difficult airway. These are important advantages over general anesthesia, notably in preterm babies and in children with cardiopulmonary co-morbidities. Caudal epidural anesthesia has been shown to reduce stress response and shorten the time for extubation in children.
• Caudal anesthesia is indicated for surgical and non-surgical painful interventions in body areas from the sub-umbilical region downwards. Examples include procedures such as inguinal hernia repair, cystoscopy/transurethral manipulation, circumcision, anal atresia, treatment of limb ischemia, treatment of intussusception, or cast application to immobilize newborns with hip dysplasia.
• Contraindications to caudal anesthesia in children would include local site infection, pilonidal cyst, or spinal dysraphism such as tethered cord syndrome.
• Bupivacaine (an amide local anesthetic) has provided reliable anesthesia and analgesia.
• Bupivacaine is the indicated local anesthetic in caudal, epidural, and spinal anesthesia and is widely used clinically to manage acute and chronic pain. In addition to blocking Na+ channels, bupivacaine affects the activity of many other channels, including NMDA receptors.
• Adverse effects of bupivacaine includes local anesthetic systemic toxicity, urinary retention, high block, hypotension, delayed respiratory depression, and cardiac arrest.
• Dexmedetomidine is an alpha agonist having sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties. It produces these effects by inhibiting central sympathetic outflow by blocking the alpha receptors in the brainstem, thereby inhibiting the release of norepinephrine.
• Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, which binds to transmembrane G protein-binding adrenoreceptors in the periphery (α2A), brain, and spinal cord (α2B, α2C) tissues.

In contrast to other sedative agents, dexmedetomidine, by acting on α2 receptors in the locus caeruleus, has potential analgesic effects without respiratory depression.

• Dexmedetomidine seems to help to reduce the time for extubation.
• Dexmedetomidine is also an adjunct infusion during general anesthesia. There is evidence that dexmedetomidine decreases postoperative pain, postoperative opioid usage, and nausea. This effect has also been shown to be present when using dexmedetomidine for sedation during procedures performed under spinal anesthesia. There has been some interest in using dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to prevent emergence agitation, postoperative delirium, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. There is evidence for the prevention of emergence agitation in both children and adults.
• The most common adverse effects of dexmedetomidine are hypotension and bradycardia which result from the stimulation of presynaptic alpha receptors, which leads to a decreased release of norepinephrine; this is in addition to the decrease in the central sympathetic outflow. These are concerns regardless of the route of administration.

Ethical consideration :