Breakfast for Young Females

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Low protein breakfast
Dietary Supplement: High protein breakfast
Other: Exercise training

Brief Summary: Investigators will test the health effects of eating a dairy-based protein-rich breakfast or isocaloric breakfast and performing regular physical exercise training for 12 weeks in young overweight women (2 x 2 factorial design). Measurements of body composition, physical fitness, metabolic health parameters, faeces and urine metabolites, and food diary will be collected.

Detailed Description: The study is a 2×2-factorial randomized controlled trial with 4 study arms. One-hundred (100) subjects will be randomly allocated to eat breakfast consisting of high-protein yoghurt (300g/day) with oats or an isocaloric breakfast consisting of bread, jam and juice matched for fat and fiber content and to either exercise 3x per week or maintain habitual physical activity for 12 weeks. Measurements and biological sampling will be performed at baseline, half way (some parameters only) and at the end of the intervention period.

The primary outcome will be fat mass and fat free mass determined by DXA. The investigators will also measure effects on weight, waist, health-related blood parameters, muscle function, physical activity, habitual food intake and metabolites in faeces, urine and blood.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Low protein breakfast	Low protein breakfast	Subject will eat a low protein breakfast and maintain their habitual physical activity.
Low protein breakfast and exercise training	Low protein breakfast	Subject will consume a low protein breakfast (bread, jam, juice) and and participate in organized exercise-training three times per week (and maintain habitual physical activity)
Low protein breakfast and exercise training	Exercise training	Subject will consume a low protein breakfast (bread, jam, juice) and and participate in organized exercise-training three times per week (and maintain habitual physical activity)
High protein breakfast and exercise training	High protein breakfast	Subject will consume a high protein dairy breakfast (300 g high protein yoghurt (skyr) with oats) and and participate in organized exercise-training three times per week (and maintain habitual physical activity)
High protein breakfast and exercise training	Exercise training	Subject will consume a high protein dairy breakfast (300 g high protein yoghurt (skyr) with oats) and and participate in organized exercise-training three times per week (and maintain habitual physical activity)
High protein breakfast	High protein breakfast	Subject will eat a high protein breakfast and maintain their habitual physical activity.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Fat mass in grams	12 weeks	Measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in weight (kg)	12 weeks	Tanita Scale
Change in HbA1c	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in glucose peak	12 weeks	measured by a two hour oral glucose tolerance test
Change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in maximal hand grip strength	12 weeks	Measured by hand held dynamometer
Change in Fat free mass in grams	12 weeks	Measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Change in Lean body mass in grams	12 weeks	Measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Change in BMI (m^2/kg)	12 weeks	Measured by height in meters and weight in kg
Change in triacylglycerol (TG)	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in insulin	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in glucose	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in glucose tolerance (area under the curve)	12 weeks	measured by a two hour oral glucose tolerance test
Change in fitness (estimated VO2-max)	12 weeks	Measured by Åstrand two-step bike test
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure	12 weeks	by standard blood pressure apparatus
Change in Height (cm)	12 weeks	by stadiometer
Change in Waist circumference (cm)	12 weeks	by tape
Change in maximal arm strength	12 weeks	Measured by costummade dynamometer
Change in maximal jump height	12 weeks	Measured by squat jump with linear encoder
Change in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol)	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample
Change in total cholesterol	12 weeks	by fasting blood sample

Locations (1): Aarhus University, Department for Public Health, Section for Sport Science
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Aarhus, Denmark