Vascular and Biochemical Determinants of Left Ventricular Deformation and Twisting-untwisting and Their Interrelation With Aerobic Exercise Capacity in Untreated Arterial Hypertension

The investigators plan to examine 320 untreated hypertensives and 160 controls. They will measure:

1. the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVc) using the Complior apparatus
2. the coronary flow reserve (CFR) at baseline and after adenosine infusion (140 μg x kg-1 x min-1) by Doppler echocardiography
3. the Global Longitudinal strain and strain rate, peak twisting, the percentage changes between peak twisting and untwisting at mitral valve opening (UtwMVO), at peak (UtwPEF) and end of early LV diastolic filling (UtwEDF) by speckle tracking imaging
4. the perfusion boundary region (PBR-micrometers) of the sublingual arterial microvessels (ranged from 5-25 micrometers) using Sideview Darkfield imaging (Microscan, Glycocheck). Increased PBR is considered an accurate non invasive index of reduced endothelial glycocalyx thickness
5. transforming growth factor (TGFb-1), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), markers of collagen synthesis (N-terminal procollagen type-III propeptide , carboxy-terminal propeptide and telopeptide of procollagen type-1, representing cardiac extracellular matrix turnover) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE).
6. Twenty-four hour daytime and night-time average systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rates as well as 24h-pulse pressure (PP) by means of 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Monitoring will be carried out on the non-dominant arm using the valid recorder TONOPORT V (General Electric, Health Care, Berlin, Germany) after validation of readings against a mercury sphygmomanometer by means of a Y tube. The ABPM device will set to obtain BP readings at 15 min intervals during the day (07.00-23.00) and at 20 min intervals during the night (23.00-07.00). The patients will be instructed to attend their usual day-to-day activities but to keep still at the times of measurements. Recordings will be analysed to obtain
7. oxygen consumption as an absolute value and in relation to body weight (VO2/Kg) and maximum work load (METS) by means of a physician-supervised maximal, symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a bicycle ergometer using a standard ramping protocol (Oxycon Pro system, Jaeger, Germany).