Clinical Effect Size of an Educational Intervention in the Home and Compliance on People Who Suffer From Stroke
- Conditions
- Stroke
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Educational interventionDevice: Smartphone-based application
- Registration Number
- NCT01980641
- Lead Sponsor
- University of Malaga
- Brief Summary
Background. Cognitive, communication and physical weakness combined with environmental changes frequently cause changes in roles, routines and daily occupations. The educational intervention combines the best choice for teaching new behaviours since it involves the active participation of the patient in learning.
Methods. Design. Randomized clinical trial. Participants. Total sample: 80 adults who have suffered a stroke with moderate severity and who have been discharged to their homes.Outcome variables. BI, FIM, MMSE, CNS, SIS-16, TCT, MRS, MSPSS, QLSF, FRT, RT, TUG, TST, a portable dynamometer and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Data analysis. Descriptive analyses will include mean and 95% CI of the values for each variable. The Kolmogov-Smirnov (KS) test and a 2x2 mixed model ANOVA will be used. Intergroup effect sizes will be calculated (Cohen's d).
- Detailed Description
Background. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term neurological disability in the world. Cognitive, communication and physical weakness combined with environmental changes frequently cause changes in roles, routines and daily occupations. The educational intervention combines didactic and interactive intervention, which combines the best choice for teaching new behaviours since it involves the active participation of the patient in learning. Nowadays there are many types of intervention or means to increase adherence to treatment.
Methods. This study is a randomized clinical trial. Participants. The total sample will consist of 80 adults who have suffered a stroke with moderate severity and who have been discharged to their homes in the 3 months prior to recruitment to the study. Outcome variables. Barthel Index, the Functional Independence Measure, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Canadian Neurological Scale, the Stroke Impact Scale-16, the Trunk Control Test, the Modified Rankin Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Quality of Life Scale for Stroke, the Functional Reach test, the Romberg test, the Time Up and Go, the Timed-Stands Test, a portable dynamometer and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Data analysis. Descriptive analyses will include mean and 95% confidence intervals of the values for each variable. The Kolmogov-Smirnov (KS) test and a 2x2 mixed model ANOVA will be used. Intergroup effect sizes will be calculated (Cohen's d).
Sample Size Calculation A power analysis was conducted using the program G\*Power 3.1. A priori, a sample of approximately 40 participants per group for the stage 1 intervention is needed to detect a significant difference (17.3 in the FIM) between the experimental group and the control group (effect size d=0.59, alpha=.05, beta=.08). The randomization will be performed by a blinded researcher.
Procedure. Stage 1 will begin with the collection of the participants' demographic data through a questionnaire and by conducting various tests to measure primary and secondary outcome variables. Subsequently, the ergonomics of the home and the implementation of ADL from both the experimental group and the control group will be assessed using the HTAS tool, which was developed by the authors. For the development of the tool, a literature review was performed using the PubMed electronic database and by reviewing different practice guides about stroke. Subsequently, the HTAS tool was evaluated by a panel of experts composed of occupational therapists, physiotherapists, nurses, caregivers, and patients.
Following the assessment of each participant's home and his or her performance of ADL, the therapist will provide the participants of the experimental group with a list of pieces of advice related to the HTAS items that were evaluated negatively. The advice will be aimed at changing the environment in which the participants execute the ADL. This may include facilitation in the execution of the ADL, promoting the active use of the affected side of the body in such execution, or to show them the most appropriate way of performing certain tasks according to their situation after the stroke.
The evaluation of the variables and the execution of the advised tasks will be carried out at participants' homes 2 and 4 weeks following the initial assessment. Researchers will analyze and compare the data obtained from the outcome variables of the experimental group and the control group to check whether the educational intervention was effective in patients who have suffered stroke and who have been discharged to their homes. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the educational intervention would be implemented in the control group.
Stage 2 For the pilot study in stage 2, one group will receive the app reminders on their mobile phones (MPG) and another group will not (NMPG). Placement in the first group depends on whether the participant has a mobile phone and if its characteristics are adapted to the requirements of the study. The app will provide the advice previously given by the therapist in the participants' homes. The timing of reminders will differ for each participant depending on the amount of advice given. However, in the 4 weeks of the app being used, each piece of advice will be given three times. The mobile phone will beep once for each piece of advice and the participant must check and mark the option indicating whether he has or has not complied with the advice. After this period, the outcome variables will be analyzed in both groups to check whether there are differences between the MPGand NMPG groups.
After 8 weeks, and after having removed the app from mobile phones of the MPG, we will reanalyze the outcome variables. Will do this by testing both groups to see whether the MPGparticipants have continued to perform the advised tasks provided by the therapist, and if differences still exist between them and the NGS group. If so, a reminder system will be implemented in the NMPG.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 34
- Acute Stroke (<3 months since the discharge to their homes)
- A score from 20 to 50 on Barthel Index
- A score from 35 to 75 on Functional Independence Measure
- Severe cognitive impairment (scoring 0-17 in the Mini-Mental State Examination)
- Inability to walk 3 meters without physical assistance
- Inability to stay standing more than 30 "without physical support
- Serious communication or comprehension problems
- Surgical intervention in lower limbs 12 months prior to recruitment
- Secondary neurological pathology
- Severe cardiovascular, respiratory, orthopedic or metabolic problems
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Application smartphone-based group Smartphone-based application Smartphone-based application group (SG) sample will have a reminder. The app will provide the advice previously given by the therapist in the participants' homes. Experimental group Educational intervention Educational intervention: Assessment of each participant's home and his or her performance of ADL and the therapist will provide to the participants of the experimental group a list of advice related to the HTAS items that are evaluated negatively. Application smartphone-based group Educational intervention Smartphone-based application group (SG) sample will have a reminder. The app will provide the advice previously given by the therapist in the participants' homes.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Barthel Index Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks The 10-item Barthel Index was published in 1965 as a simple index of functional independence, particularly in personal and domestic activities of daily living. This instrument consists of 10 items on activities of daily living (grooming, dressing, bathing, and bowel and bladder status), each with 2 or 4 response categories (0-3 points).Total score range from 0 to 100.
Houlden H, Edwards M, McNeil J, Greenwood R. Use of the Barthel Index and the Functional Independence Measure during early inpatient rehabilitation after single incident brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Feb;20(2):153-9.
Grauwmeijer E, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Haitsma IK, Ribbers GM. A prospective study on employment outcome 3 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Jun;93(6):993-9.
Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Functional Reach test Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks Assesses a patient's stability by measuring the maximum distance an individual can reach forward while standing in a fixed position. Scores are determined by assessing the difference between the start and end position is the reach distance, usually measured in inches.
Rehab Measures - Functional Reach Test / Modified Functional... \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=950\&Source=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Erehabmeasures%2Eorg%2Frehabweb%2Fallmeasures%2Easpx%3FPageView%3DSharedPerceived Social Support Scale Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks EASP consist in 12 items about social support in four groups: family, friends and other significant people. The range of score fro each item is from 1 to 7.
Arechabala Mantuliz MC, Miranda Castillo c. Validación de una escala de apoyo social percibido en un grupo de adultos mayores adscritos a un programa de hipertensión de la región metropolitana. Cienc Enfermería. 2002 Jun;8(1):49-55.Stroke impact scale-16 Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks Assesses health status following stroke. The SIS-16 is a short version os SIS 3.0 and it consists of 16 items capturing daily activities. Total score range from 16 to 80.
Rehab Measures - Stroke Impact Scale \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=934Functional Independence Measure Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks Provides a uniform system of measurement for disability based on the International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities and Handicaps; measures the level of a patient's disability and indicates how much assistance is required for the individual to carry out activities of daily living. Contains 18 items composed of 13 motor tasks and 5 cognitive tasks (considered basic activities of daily living. Tasks are rated on a 7 point ordinal scale that ranges from total assistance (or complete dependence) to complete independence.
Desrosiers J, Rochette A, Noreau L, Bravo G, Hébert R, Boutin C. Comparison of two functional independence scales with a participation measure in post-stroke rehabilitation. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2003 Sep;37(2):157-72.
Houlden H, Edwards M, McNeil J, Greenwood R. Use of the Barthel Index and the Functional Independence Measure during early inpatient rehabilitation after single incident brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Feb;20(2):153-9.Trunk Control Test Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks TCT measures four simple aspects of trunk movement. 4 items (rolling to weak side, rolling to strong side, balance in sitting position, sit up from lying down). Total score range: 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum, indicating better performance).
Rehab Measures - Trunk Control Test \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 14\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=1058Mini-Mental State Examination Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks A brief screening tool to provide a quantitative assessment of cognitive impairment and to record cognitive changes over time. The MMSE consists of 11 simple questions or tasks grouped into 7 cognitive domains. Levels of impairment have been classified as (Tombaugh \& McIntyre 1992): None: score = 24-30; Mild: score = 18-24 and Severe: score = 0-17.
Rehab Measures - Mini-Mental State Examination \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=912Modified Rankin Handicap Scale Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks MRHS categorizes level of functional independence with reference to pre-stroke activities. Assessment is carried out by asking the patient about their activities of daily living, including outdoor activities. Information about the patient's neurological deficits on examination, including aphasia and intellectual deficits, should be obtained.
Rehab Measures - Modified Rankin Handicap Scale \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=921Quality of Life Scale for Stroke Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks ECVI-38 consist of 38 items grouped in 8 domains. This instrument measure the quiality of life after stroke. Each item is scored from 1 to 5.
Concepción OF, Pérez ER, Alvarez MA, Zuaznábar MAB. Validación de la escala de calidad de vida para el ictus (ECVI-38). Rev Neurol. 2008;46(3):147-52.Time Up and Go Baseline; 8; 18 and 28 weeks Assesses mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk in older adults. The patient sits in the chair with his/her back against the chair back. On the command "go", the patient rises from the chair, walks 3 meters at a comfortable and safe pace, turns, walks back to the chair and sits down.
Rehab Measures - Timed Up and Go \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=903Canadian Neurological Scale Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks Provides a standardized neurological assessment of cognitive and motor function in stroke patients (alert or drowsy). Used to assess alertness in stroke patients. Includes the following assessments: Level of consciousness, Orientation, Aphasia and Motor strength. Assessments of motor function are separated into two sections: A1: administered if patient is able to understand and follow instructions, and A2: administered in the presence of comprehension deficits.
Rehab Measures - Canadian Neurological Scale \[Internet\]. Rehabil. Meas. Database. \[cited 2013 Oct 13\]. Available from: http://www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/DispForm.aspx?ID=906Romberg Test Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks RT measure the balance. Romberg stance with open and closed eyes, and a one-legged stance.
Juul-Kristensen B, Clausen B, Ris I, Jensen R, Steffensen R, Chreiteh S, et al. Increased neck muscle activity and impaired balance among females with whiplash-related chronic neck pain: A cross-sectional study. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(4):376-84.Strength testing with a portable dynamometer Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks The portable dynamometer is reliable for testing upper extremity muscle groups. Agre JC, Magness JL, Hull SZ, Wright KC, Baxter TL, Patterson R, et al. Strength testing with a portable dynamometer: reliability for upper and lower extremities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 Jul;68(7):454-8.
Timed-stands test Change from Baseline to 2, 4, 12 and 22 weeks TST measures the of lower body strength. The TST provides a reasonably reliable and valid indicator of lower body strength in generally active, community-dwelling older adults.
Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Beam WC. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999 Jun;70(2):113-9.
Trial Locations
- Locations (2)
IBIMA
🇪🇸Malaga, Malaag, Spain
Patronato Municipal de deportes de Torremolinos
🇪🇸Torremolinos, Malaga, Spain