Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial Analgesic Effect of Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine Versus Bupivacaine Alone in Transversalis Fascia Plane Block After Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anaesthesia

Cesarean section (CS) is one of the most common surgeries and usually causes moderate to severe pain for up to 48 h. The rate of CS, which is a life-saving surgical procedure in cases of certain complications that occur during pregnancy and birth, has exceeded 20% worldwide Pain control after CS has crucial importance, especially in the first 24 h, to facilitate early ambulation and the establishment of breastfeeding. Insufficient analgesia in the postoperative period may cause a number of undesirable effects, such as patient discomfort, thromboembolism due to extended immobilization, and increased pulmonary secretions resulting in complications The well-known side effects of analgesic morphine as nausea, vomiting, itching and sedation, may interfere with the interaction between mother and child, breastfeeding and post-partum experience in a dose-dependent manner. However, a number of alternative strategies have been described in order to reduce morphine consumption post-operatively .

The mode and type of analgesia should be safe and effective. A stimulus caused by a lesion in tissue or organs during surgery is the cause of postoperative pain .

The primary source of pain after abdominal surgeries, including CS, are the anterior abdominal wall and abdominal viscera, and blocking these areas could provide proper postoperative analgesia .

Recently, the application of fascial plane blocks has increased due to the widespread use of ultrasound among anesthesiologists and the avoidance of opioids in a multimodal analgesic strategy. Different regional anesthetic techniques have been introduced, including ilioinguinal nerve blocks, abdominal field blocks, Transversalis Fascia Plane (TFP) blocks, and Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) blocks to alleviate pain from the abdominal wall incision .

Transversalis Fascia Plane, performed in the posterior axillary line, blocks branches of L1 nerve roots, including ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves. This method has been used to control postoperative pain in patients undergoing different lower abdominal surgeries A variety of anesthetic agents such as bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine are commonly used in TAP blocks. These drugs provide short-term analgesia and primarily alleviate somatic pain. To extend the duration of analgesic efficacy, various adjuvants such as opioids, ketamine, clonidine, and alpha-2 agonists like dexmedetomidine have been added .