A Resistance Training Program Decreases the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Older Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Change in Blood Pressure

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Resting BP assessment was performed using automatic oscillometric equipment (Omron HEM-742INT model, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Kansai, Japan). Participants attended the laboratory on three different days and, during each visit, remained seated at rest for five minutes with the cuff of the equipment in place on the right arm. Subsequently, several BP measurements were performed at one-minute intervals in order to obtain three consecutive measurements where the difference in Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP) readings differed by no more than 4 mmHg. The median of the three measurements for each day was averaged across the three visits. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated using the formula MAP= DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP). The results are presented in (mmHg)

Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR)

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Insulin was measured by chemiluminescence using a Liaison XL analyzer (DiaSorin S.p.A., Saluggia, Italy). The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated by the formula: fasting insulin (μUI/ml) x fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were \<10% as determined in human plasma.

Change in Inflammatory Biomarkes

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Measurements of TNF-α, and IL-6, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Quantikine High Sensitivity Kit, R\&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and performed in a microplate reader Perkin Elmer, model EnSpire (Waltham, MA, USA). The results are presented in picograms per milliliter (pg/ml). All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results.

Change in C-reative Protein

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Measurements of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension RxL Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligram/liter (mg/L)

Change in Lipid and Glycemic Profiles

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Venous blood samples were collected after a 12 h fast and a minimum of 72 h after the final physical exercise session. Five milliliters were withdrawn from a prominent superficial vein in the antecubital space using a clean venous puncture with minimal stasis and placed in a tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and conservant and a tube without coagulant. All samples were centrifuged for 15 min, and plasma or serum aliquots were stored at -80ºC until assayed. Measurements of glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), were immediately determined in a specialized laboratory at University Hospital. The analyses were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension RxL Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature, consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)

Change in Body Composition

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans (Lunar Prodigy, model NRL 41990, GE Lunar, Madison, WI) were used to assess body fat, trunk fat and appendicular lean soft tissue. The total skeletal muscle mass was estimated by the predictive equation proposed by Kim et al.. Prior to scanning, participants were instructed to remove all objects containing metal. Scans were performed with the subjects lying in the supine position along the table's longitudinal centerline axis. Feet were taped together at the toes to immobilize the legs while the hands were maintained in a pronated position within the scanning region. Both calibration and analysis were carried out by a skilled laboratory technician. Equipment calibration followed the manufacturer's recommendations. The software generated standard lines that set apart the limbs from the trunk and head. These lines were adjusted by the same technician using specific anatomical points determined by the manufacturer.

Change in Metabolic Syndrome Z score

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

The metabolic syndrome Z score was also used in the present investigation as a continuous score of the five metabolic syndrome variables in agreement with the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. A Z score was calculated for each variable using individual data, and standard deviations of data for the entire group at baseline (n = 53) and post intervention (n =47). The equation used to calculate the metabolic syndrome Z-score was Z score pre intervention = \[(50 - HDL)/11.1 (11.9m2) + (TG - 150)/36.8 (42.1)\] + \[(fasting blood glucose - 100)/14.8 (13.7 m2)\] + \[(waist circumference - 88)/9.4 (9.9 m2)\] + \[(mean arterial pressure - 100)/6.4 (7.7) m2\], and Z score post intervention= \[(50 - HDL)/11.9 + (TG - 150)/42.1)\] + \[(fasting blood glucose - 100)/13.7)\] + \[(waist circumference - 88)/9.9\] + \[(mean arterial pressure - 100)/7.7)\].

Change in Waist Circumference

时间窗: Baseline and 12 weeks

Measures of waist circumference (WC) were obtained according to procedures established in the literature. The results are presented in centimeters (cm).