MedPath

A Trial to Compare Nintedanib With Placebo for Patients With Scleroderma Related Lung Fibrosis

Phase 3
Completed
Conditions
Scleroderma, Systemic
Interventions
Drug: Placebo
Registration Number
NCT02597933
Lead Sponsor
Boehringer Ingelheim
Brief Summary

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a devastating disease of unknown etiology. Patients suffer from multiple organ fibrosis whereas lung fibrosis (interstitial lung disease, ILD) is one of the main driver for mortality. There is preclinical evidence for efficacy of nintedanib in SSc and associated ILD (SSc-ILD) and the anti-fibrotic efficacy of nintedanib was proven in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, who are presenting a similar pattern regarding lung fibrosis. Hence it is the purpose of the trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of nintedanib 150 mg bid in treating patients with SSc-ILD, compared with placebo. The trial will be conducted as a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with primary efficacy evaluation at week 52 and placebo-controlled treatment until last patient out (up to a maximum of 100 weeks). Respiratory function is globally accepted for assessment of treatment effects in patients with lung fibrosis. The chosen endpoint (Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) decline) is easy to obtain and is part of the usual examinations done in patients with SSc-ILD.

Detailed Description

Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status
COMPLETED
Sex
All
Target Recruitment
580
Inclusion Criteria

Not provided

Exclusion Criteria

Not provided

Study & Design

Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Design
PARALLEL
Arm && Interventions
GroupInterventionDescription
PlaceboPlacebopatient receives capsules identical to those containing active drug
NintedanibNintedanibpatient receives capsules containing nintedanib twice a day
Primary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Annual Rate of Decline in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over 52 Weeksup to week (wk) 52 after the start of administration

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air exhaled during the lung function test.

For this endpoint reported means represent the adjusted rate.

Secondary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Annual Rate of Decline in FVC in Percentage (%) Predicted Over 52 Weeksup to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Annual rate of decline in FVC in percentage (%) predicted over 52 weeks.

For this endpoint reported means represent the adjusted rate.

Absolute Change From Baseline in the Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

This is the first key secondary endpoint.

The modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) is an evaluation of the patient's skin thickness rated by clinical palpation using a 0 to 3 scale. The scale differentiates between 0 = normal skin, 1 = mild thickness, 2 = moderate thickness, and 3 = severe thickness with inability to pinch the skin into a fold.

The palpation is done for each of the 17 surface anatomic areas of the body: face, anterior chest, abdomen, fingers (right and left separately), forearms, upper arms, thighs, lower legs, dorsum of hands and feet. The sum of these individual values is defined as the total skin score. The mRSS has a range from 0 (no thickening) to 51 (severe thickening in all 17 areas). A high score corresponds to worse skin thickness.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean was based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at Week 52).

Absolute Change From Baseline in Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score at Week 52.Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

This is the second key secondary endpoint.

The Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire measures the health status in patients with chronic airflow limitation. It consists of 2 parts that cover 3 domains: symptoms, activities, and impacts. The symptom domain relates to the effect, frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms. The activity domain relates to activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness. The impact domain evaluates a range of aspects concerned with social functioning and psychological disturbances resulting from airways disease. The scores of these domains range from 0 (no impairment) to 100 (worst possible). The calculated total score summarises the impact of the disease on overall health status. A high score corresponds to worse health.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean was based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at Week 52).

Absolute Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Dyspnoea Score at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Absolute change from baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) dyspnoea score at Week 52.

FACIT-Dyspnoea (Dyspnoea) 10 Item Short Form include a 4-point rating scale (no shortness of breath=0; mildly short of breath=1; moderately short of breath = 2; severely short of breath =3; or I did not do this in the past 7 days =4).

A raw score is calculated as: Sum individual item scores \* 10 / number of items answered. Raw scores are then converted to scale scores using the table included in the FACIT Dyspnoea Scale Short Form Scoring Guideline. FACIT dyspnea scale score ranges between 0 and 75.9.

The FACIT-Dyspnea short forms are scored such that a high score represents high levels of dyspnea.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean is based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at week 52).

Absolute Change From Baseline in FVC in mL at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Absolute change from baseline in FVC in mL at Week 52. Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean was based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at Week 52).

Relative Change From Baseline [%] of mRSS at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Relative change from baseline \[%\] of mRSS at Week 52.

The modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) is an evaluation of the patient's skin thickness rated by clinical palpation using a 0 to 3 scale. The scale differentiates between 0 = normal skin, 1 = mild thickness, 2 = moderate thickness, and 3 = severe thickness with inability to pinch the skin into a fold.

The palpation is done for each of the 17 surface anatomic areas of the body: face, anterior chest, abdomen, fingers (right and left separately), forearms, upper arms, thighs, lower legs, dorsum of hands and feet. The sum of these individual values is defined as the total skin score. The mRSS has a range from 0 (no thickening) to 51 (severe thickening in all 17 areas). A high score corresponds to worse skin thickness.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean was based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at Week 52).

Time to DeathFrom date of first trial drug intake up to date of death or last contact date (ie., up to 100 weeks)

Time to event analysis of patients with death. The number of observed patients with death are reported.

The Percentage (%) of Responder Based on Combined Response Index in Systemic Sclerosis (CRISS) at Week 52Week 52

The percentage (%) of responder based on Combined Response Index in Systemic Sclerosis (CRISS) at Week 52.

This is a composite endpoint, based on the mRSS, FVC percent predicted, HAQ-DI, patient's global impression of overall health Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and physician's global impression of patient's overall health VAS, as well as the absence of significant worsening of interstitial lung disease, a new scleroderma renal crisis, left ventricular failure or pulmonary arterial hypertension.

The CRISS index score represents a probability of improvement and ranges between 0 and 1.

This is a 2 stage process to predict probability of improvement:

Step 1 - absence of major organ progression (SRC etc.) - score "0" Step 2 - predicted probability of improvement - (score "0 - 1")

Absolute Change From Baseline in Carbon Monoxide Diffusion Capacity (DLco) in % Predicted at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Absolute change from baseline in Carbon Monoxide Diffusion Capacity (DLco) in % predicted at Week 52.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean is based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at week 52).

Absolute Change From Baseline in Digital Ulcer Net Burden at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Absolute change from baseline in digital ulcer net burden (defined as the number of new digital ulcers (DUs) plus the number of DUs that have been verified at any earlier assessment during the trial) at Week 52.

It is calculated at a visit by counting the total number of fingertips with ulcers (i.e. number of fingers with presence of digital ulcer ticked "Yes") at the corresponding visit

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean is based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at week 52).

Absolute Change From Baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score at Week 52Baseline and up to 52 weeks after the start of administration

Absolute change from baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score at Week 52.

The HAQ-DI score is calculated as follows:

Each question is scored 0-3 (where 0= "without difficulty" \& 3= "unable to do"). There are 8 categories (Dressing \& Grooming, Arising, Eating, Walking, Hygiene, Reach, Grip, Activities), each including 2 or 3 questions. The score for each category corresponds to maximum question score within each category.

Finally, HAQ-DI score corresponds to sum of the sub-scores of all 8 categories divided by number of categories completed. Please note that if there are fewer than 6 categories with responses, then a score cannot be calculated.

The HAQ-DI score scale has 25 possible values (i.e., 0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.375 ... 3). A high score corresponds to worse impairment.

Least square mean is actually the adjusted mean. Adjusted mean is based on all analysed patients in the model (not only patients with a baseline and measurement at week 52).

Trial Locations

Locations (194)

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

🇺🇸

Dallas, Texas, United States

St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne

🇦🇺

Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

ULB Hopital Erasme

🇧🇪

Bruxelles, Belgium

Medical University of Innsbruck

🇦🇹

Innsbruck, Austria

UZ Leuven

🇧🇪

Leuven, Belgium

Sir Gangaram Hospital

🇮🇳

New Delhi, India

EMED, Center of Medical Services,Private Prac,Rzeszow

🇵🇱

Rzeszow, Poland

Ramathibodi Hospital

🇹🇭

Ratchathewi, Thailand

Cleveland Clinic

🇺🇸

Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Virginia Mason Medical Center

🇺🇸

Seattle, Washington, United States

University of Washington

🇺🇸

Seattle, Washington, United States

University of Cincinnati Health

🇺🇸

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Università degli Studi di Genova

🇮🇹

Genova, Italy

Johns Hopkins Hospital

🇺🇸

Baltimore, Maryland, United States

University of Pennsylvania

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Northwestern University

🇺🇸

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Royal Adelaide Hospital

🇦🇺

Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

University of Miami

🇺🇸

Miami, Florida, United States

First Hospital of Jilin University

🇨🇳

Changchun, China

Huashan Hospital, Fudan University

🇨🇳

Shanghai, China

Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

🇺🇸

Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

The Emory Clinic

🇺🇸

Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Georgetown University

🇺🇸

Washington, District of Columbia, United States

The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University

🇨🇳

Hefei, China

Columbia University Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital

🇺🇸

New York, New York, United States

University of California Los Angeles

🇺🇸

Los Angeles, California, United States

University of Florida College of Medicine

🇺🇸

Jacksonville, Florida, United States

LKH-Univ. Hospital Graz

🇦🇹

Graz, Austria

Brussels - UNIV Saint-Luc

🇧🇪

Bruxelles, Belgium

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège

🇧🇪

Liège, Belgium

Medical University of South Carolina

🇺🇸

Charleston, South Carolina, United States

Edumed - Educacao e Saude SA

🇧🇷

Curitiba, Brazil

Hamamatsu University Hospital

🇯🇵

Shizuoka, Hamamatsu, Japan

The Lung Research Center, LLC

🇺🇸

Chesterfield, Missouri, United States

UNIV UZ Gent

🇧🇪

Gent, Belgium

The First Hospital of Chinese Medical University

🇨🇳

Shenyang, China

Thoraxklinik-Heidelberg gGmbH am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg

🇩🇪

Heidelberg, Germany

National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center

🇯🇵

Hyogo, Himeji, Japan

HOP Hôtel-Dieu

🇫🇷

Nantes, France

Kindai University Hospital

🇯🇵

Osaka, Osakasayama, Japan

Saint Joseph's Healthcare

🇨🇦

Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital

🇨🇳

Beijing, China

Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich

🇦🇷

Buenos Aires, Argentina

HOP Calmette

🇫🇷

Lille, France

APRILLUS-Asistencia e Investigación

🇦🇷

Ciudad Autonoma Buenos Aires, Argentina

Liverpool Hospital

🇦🇺

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Centro de Investigación del Maule

🇨🇱

Talca, Chile

Mount Sinai Hospital

🇨🇦

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

HOP Larrey

🇫🇷

Toulouse, France

West China Hospital

🇨🇳

Chengdu, China

Thomayer Hospital

🇨🇿

Praha 4, Czechia

Universitätsmedizin Greifswald

🇩🇪

Greifswald, Germany

HOP Arnaud de Villeneuve

🇫🇷

Montpellier, France

Institute of Rheumathology Prague

🇨🇿

Prague, Czechia

CEMER-Centro Medico De Enfermedades Respiratorias

🇦🇷

Florida, Argentina

HOP Avicenne

🇫🇷

Bobigny, France

Peking Union Medical College Hospital

🇨🇳

Beijing, China

Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education And Research

🇮🇳

Chandigarh, India

Zhuzhou Central Hospital

🇨🇳

Zhuzhou, China

Klinik Donaustauf

🇩🇪

Donaustauf, Germany

Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center

🇯🇵

Kanagawa, Yokohama, Japan

Kyoto University Hospital

🇯🇵

Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Kurume University Hospital

🇯🇵

Fukuoka, Kurume, Japan

HOP Charles Nicolle

🇫🇷

Rouen, France

HOP Louis Pradel

🇫🇷

Bron, France

HOP Claude Huriez

🇫🇷

Lille, France

HOP Pontchaillou

🇫🇷

Rennes, France

Asklepios Klinik Altona

🇩🇪

Hamburg, Germany

Oslo Universitetssykehus HF, Rikshospitalet

🇳🇴

Oslo, Norway

Indep.Pblic Clin.Hosp#1,Dermatol,Venereol&Allerg.dep,Wroclaw

🇵🇱

Wroclaw, Poland

Hospital Garcia de Orta, EPE

🇵🇹

Almada, Portugal

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

🇩🇪

Erlangen, Germany

Iwate Medical University Hospital

🇯🇵

Iwate, Morioka, Japan

St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital

🇯🇵

Kanagawa, Kawasaki, Japan

Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre

🇪🇸

Madrid, Spain

HOP Bichat

🇫🇷

Paris, France

Kitasato University Hospital

🇯🇵

Kanagawa, Sagamihara, Japan

National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center

🇯🇵

Osaka, Sakai, Japan

A.O Universitaria - Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli

🇮🇹

Napoli, Italy

Università degli Studi Padova

🇮🇹

Padova, Italy

Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel

🇩🇪

Kiel, Germany

Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar

🇲🇾

Seremban, Malaysia

A.O. San Gerardo di Monza

🇮🇹

Monza, Italy

Tosei General Hospital

🇯🇵

Aichi, Seto, Japan

Sapporo Medical University Hospital

🇯🇵

Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan

Centro Hospitalar São João,EPE

🇵🇹

Porto, Portugal

Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia

🇵🇹

Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

Salford Royal Hospital

🇬🇧

Salford, United Kingdom

Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón

🇪🇸

Madrid, Spain

Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla

🇪🇸

Santander, Spain

Kantonspital St. Gallen, Rheumatologie Department

🇨🇭

St. Gallen, Switzerland

Hospital Dr. Peset

🇪🇸

Valencia, Spain

Universitätsspital Zürich

🇨🇭

Zürich, Switzerland

Hospital Politècnic La Fe

🇪🇸

Valencia, Spain

Clinical Rheumatology Research Center Sahlgrenska

🇸🇪

Gothenburg, Sweden

Hospital Fernando Fonseca, EPE

🇵🇹

Amadora, Portugal

Songklanagarind Hospital

🇹🇭

Hat Yai, Thailand

Srinagarind Hospital

🇹🇭

Muang, Thailand

Glasgow Royal Infirmary

🇬🇧

Glasgow, United Kingdom

Hospital Vall d'Hebron

🇪🇸

Barcelona, Spain

Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau

🇪🇸

Barcelona, Spain

Boston Medical Center

🇺🇸

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Washington University School of Medicine

🇺🇸

Saint Louis, Missouri, United States

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

🇺🇸

New York, New York, United States

Odense Universitetshospital

🇩🇰

Odense, Denmark

Aarhus Universitets Hospital

🇩🇰

Århus, Denmark

University of Alabama at Birmingham

🇺🇸

Birmingham, Alabama, United States

University of California San Francisco

🇺🇸

San Francisco, California, United States

Duke University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Durham, North Carolina, United States

Vanderbilt Pulmonary Clinic

🇺🇸

Nashville, Tennessee, United States

University of Utah Health Sciences Center

🇺🇸

Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

Azienda Universitaria-Universita' La Sapienza

🇮🇹

Roma, Italy

Nagasaki University Hospital

🇯🇵

Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan

Juntendo University Hospital

🇯🇵

Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan

Nippon Medical School Hospital

🇯🇵

Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan

Tokushima University Hospital

🇯🇵

Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan

Institute of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University

🇯🇵

Tokyo, Shinjyuku-ku, Japan

Klinikum der Universität München - Campus Großhadern

🇩🇪

München, Germany

Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin

🇺🇸

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

University of Colorado Denver

🇺🇸

Aurora, Colorado, United States

Mayo Clinic-Rochester

🇺🇸

Rochester, Minnesota, United States

Beijing Hospital

🇨🇳

Beijing, China

Stanford University Medical Center

🇺🇸

Stanford, California, United States

University of Iowa

🇺🇸

Iowa City, Iowa, United States

Tulane University Hospital and Clinic

🇺🇸

New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center

🇺🇸

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

Hospital for Special Surgery

🇺🇸

New York, New York, United States

University of Toledo

🇺🇸

Toledo, Ohio, United States

Temple University Hospital

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

The University Of Texas at Houston

🇺🇸

Houston, Texas, United States

Royal Prince Alfred Hospital

🇦🇺

Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia

Hospital Clínico Reg. de Concepción "Dr. G. Grant Benavente"

🇨🇱

Concepción, Chile

HSCM

🇨🇦

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

HYKS Keuhkosairauksien

🇫🇮

Helsinki, Finland

TYKS, Keuhkosairauksien klinikka, Turku

🇫🇮

Turku, Finland

HOP Pasteur

🇫🇷

Nice, France

HOP Cochin

🇫🇷

Paris, France

HOP Bretonneau

🇫🇷

Tours, France

Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim

🇩🇪

Bad Nauheim, Germany

Medizinische Hochschule Hannover

🇩🇪

Hannover, Germany

Universitätsklinikum Münster

🇩🇪

Münster, Germany

Semmelweis University, Dept. Pulmonology

🇭🇺

Budapest, Hungary

General Hospital of Athens "Laiko"

🇬🇷

Athens, Greece

St John's Medical College

🇮🇳

Bangalore, India

Mazumdar Shaw Medical centre

🇮🇳

Bangalore, India

Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals

🇮🇳

Bangalore, India

Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences

🇮🇳

Hyderabad, India

Care Hospital

🇮🇳

Hyderabad, India

Asthma Bhawan

🇮🇳

Jaipur, India

P.D. Hinduja National Hospital

🇮🇳

Mumbai, India

All India Institute of Medical Science

🇮🇳

New Delhi, India

Getwell Hospital & Research Institute

🇮🇳

Nagpur, India

Jehangir Clinical Development Centre Pvt. Ltd.

🇮🇳

Pune, India

B.J. Medical College and Sasoon General Hospital

🇮🇳

Pune, India

Inamdar Multispeciality Hospital

🇮🇳

Pune, India

Christian Medical College

🇮🇳

Vellore, India

Cork University Hospital

🇮🇪

Cork, Ireland

Rambam Medical Center

🇮🇱

Haifa, Israel

Mater Misericordiae University Hospital

🇮🇪

Dublin 7, Ireland

Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa

🇮🇱

Haifa, Israel

Rabin Medical Center Beilinson

🇮🇱

Petah Tiqwa, Israel

Sourasky Medical Center

🇮🇱

Tel Aviv, Israel

Az. Ospedaliere Umberto I di Ancona

🇮🇹

Ancona, Italy

Osaka Medical College Hospital

🇯🇵

Osaka, Takatsuki, Japan

Saitama Medical University Hospital

🇯🇵

Saitama, Iruma-gun, Japan

Toho University Omori Medical Center

🇯🇵

Tokyo, Ota-ku, Japan

University Malaya Medical Centre

🇲🇾

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Hospital Pulau Pinang

🇲🇾

Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas

🇲🇽

Ciudad de México, Mexico

Hospital Selayang

🇲🇾

Selangor, Malaysia

Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum (LUMC)

🇳🇱

Leiden, Netherlands

VU Medisch Centrum

🇳🇱

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum

🇳🇱

Nijmegen, Netherlands

Erasmus Medisch Centrum

🇳🇱

Rotterdam, Netherlands

Dr.Biziel UnivHosp#2,Rheumat&Connec.Tissue Disease,Bydgoszcz

🇵🇱

Bydgoszcz, Poland

Dobry Lekarz,Spec.Med.Clinics,Private Prac,Krakow

🇵🇱

Krakow, Poland

Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge, Tromsø

🇳🇴

Tromsø, Norway

ULSAM, EPE - Hospital Conde de Bertiandos

🇵🇹

Ponte de Lima, Portugal

CHUC - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE

🇵🇹

Coimbra, Portugal

Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro

🇪🇸

Vigo, Spain

Royal Free Hospital

🇬🇧

London, United Kingdom

University of South Carolina

🇺🇸

Columbia, South Carolina, United States

Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden

🇩🇪

Dresden, Germany

Inova Fairfax Medical Campus

🇺🇸

Falls Church, Virginia, United States

Universitätsklinikum Köln (AöR)

🇩🇪

Köln, Germany

Universitätsklinikum Tübingen

🇩🇪

Tübingen, Germany

University of Louisville

🇺🇸

Louisville, Kentucky, United States

University of California Davis

🇺🇸

Sacramento, California, United States

Yale University School of Medicine

🇺🇸

New Haven, Connecticut, United States

University of Michigan Health System

🇺🇸

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

Royal Brompton Hospital

🇬🇧

London, United Kingdom

Guy's Hospital

🇬🇧

London, United Kingdom

University of Kansas Medical Center

🇺🇸

Kansas City, Kansas, United States

Thomas Jefferson University

🇺🇸

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

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