Impact of Meditation on Bothersome Tinnitus

Mindfulness is a practice of "careful attention to mental and physical processes." ("Glossary of Buddhist Terms," 2018) Mindfulness is a component of various types of spiritual practices including meditation, specifically, from Buddhist tradition. While there are many types of meditative activities, Western medicine has begun to focus on practices most closely related to Vipassana Meditation, also known as, Insight Meditation. Mindfulness can be considered a component of meditation practices, but can also be practiced and incorporated in to an individual's daily activity.

While meditation has long been a practice in several Eastern religions and spiritual practices, it most notably came to Europe and North America in the early 1960s. By 1976, the Insight Meditation Society, one of the first retreat centers in the United States, was founded by Joseph Goldstein, Sharon Salzburg, and Jack Kornfield ("Celebrating 40 Years (1976-2016)," 2018). From this, developed the medical research around mindfulness of Jon Kabat-Zinn, Founder of the UMass Medical School Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program ("History of MBSR," 2017).

Mindfulness practice has gained popularity as a first line medical intervention for three main reasons. Mindfulness practice is non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and has no significant side effects (Cebolla, Demarzo, Martins, Soler, & Garcia-Campayo, 2017). Since it is non-invasive, mindfulness on its own is rarely harmful, however, if used in the place of proven interventions can be dangerous. Those utilizing mindfulness practices and meditation must still be under the care of appropriate medical professionals. As a non-pharmacologic intervention, it can be cost effective and not financially prohibitive or burdensome for patients. While the quality of instruction and subsequent practice should be further investigated, the practice itself has the potential to be available at little cost. Much like exercise, meditation and mindfulness practice can be subject to failure if a patient is not compliant to the regimen. Since there is still much to know about the impacts of the types and qualities of meditation on an individual level, its potential benefits can greatly outweigh any risks.

For the purposes of this study meditation and meditative activities will not be limited only to mindfulness, which can be one aspect of meditation. Meditation can be categorized into three areas. Focused attention (FA) or concentration meditation is a practice in which the practitioner focuses their attention on a singular idea or object (Rinpoche, 1980) as in breath awareness, metta or loving-kindness meditation, or a repeated word or phrase as in transcendental meditation. This has typically become a starting point for most novice practitioners. Open-monitoring (OM) includes mindfulness practice, in which the practitioner seeks to become aware of physical and emotional states, responses, and activities. The third category of meditation is one that combines both Focused Attention and Open-monitoring Meditation. This includes Vipassana practice, or Insight meditation, from which Kabat-Zinn has developed the MBSR model. The first two practices rarely are exclusive of each other, but rather, a practitioner's session may include FA and OM.

Previous study of meditation has demonstrated activations and changes in specific regions of the brain. Findings from Manna et al., indicate that expert meditators control cognitive engagement in conscious processing of sensory-related, thought and emotion contents, by massive self-regulation of fronto-parietal and insular areas in the left hemisphere, in a meditation state-dependent fashion. We also found that anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices play antagonist roles in the executive control of the attention setting in meditation tasks. ... Finally, our study suggests that a functional reorganization of brain activity patterns for focused attention and cognitive monitoring takes place with mental practice, and that meditation-related neuroplasticity is crucially associated to a functional reorganization of activity patterns in prefrontal cortex and in the insula. (2010) Others have confirmed through the use of fMRI that meditative methods of MBSR, Mindfulness Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT), and dispositional mindfulness - the present moment awareness in daily life - change functional and structural components of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, insula, hippocampus, and amygdala after an eight-week program. These findings indicate emotional and behavioral changes being related to those functional and structural changes (Gotink, Meijboom, Vernooij, Smits, & Hunink, 2016). These changes were found to be similar to those noted in experienced meditators.