A Randomized Controlled study to evaluate Effectivness of Tramadol as an Adjuvant to caudal Ropivacaine for postoperative Analgesia in lower Abdominal surgeries in Pediatric Patients Under Anesthesia at SMS Medical college Jaipur

This study is a hospital-based, randomized interventional trial conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, to evaluate the effectiveness of tramadol as an adjuvant to caudal ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under general anesthesia. A total of 60 children aged 1–5 years, belonging to ASA physical status I–II, will be randomly allocated into two groups. Group I will receive caudal ropivacaine 0.2% (1 ml/kg), while Group II will receive caudal ropivacaine 0.2% (1 ml/kg) with tramadol 2 mg/kg. The primary outcome will be time to first rescue analgesia within 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes include postoperative pain assessment using FLACC scale, sedation assessment using Wisconsin sedation score, hemodynamic parameters, number of rescue analgesic doses, and incidence of adverse effects. The study aims to determine whether addition of tramadol prolongs duration and improves quality of postoperative analgesia without increasing adverse effects.