Effects of Extended Fasting Prior to Evening Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake and Performance.
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Obesity
- Sponsor
- Nottingham Trent University
- Enrollment
- 16
- Locations
- 2
- Primary Endpoint
- Voluntary energy intake (Kilocalories) at a laboratory-based test meal
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 4 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
This study will compare the appetite, energy intake, and exercise performance responses to a bout of exercise completed in the evening after an extended period of fasting with a similar bout of exercise completed in the evening and the morning, after consuming a carbohydrate-containing meal.
Detailed Description
Regular exercise is known to be a successful strategy for improving several facets of health and maintaining body weight. However, many people are not engaging in enough exercise, and some may not be achieving maximum benefits from the exercise that they already do. Performing exercise in the overnight fasted state has been shown to reduce energy intake over the course of a single day, without any compensatory reductions in free-living energy expenditure. Despite these promising findings, it is likely that not every member of the population is logistically able to perform exercise in the morning due to various work, family and social commitments, and exercise in the evening may be a logical alternative for these individuals. Whether the beneficial effects of overnight fasted exercise can be observed at an alternative time of the day (i.e. the evening) is unknown. Therefore, the investigators are interested in examining the compensatory appetite and energy intake responses following a bout of evening exercise performed after an extended (7 hour) period of fasting. Exercise performance will also be assessed as a marker of voluntary energy expenditure, which if reduced, has the potential to compensate for the reduced energy balance induced by fasted exercise.
Investigators
Tommy Slater
Principle Investigator
Nottingham Trent University
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •Non-smokers.
- •Have maintained a stable weight for 6 months (self-reported).
- •No history of gastric, digestive, cardiovascular or renal disease (self-reported).
- •Female specific: must be using a monophasic, low dose combined OCP (containing less than 50μg oestradiol and a synthetic progestin) OR females with regular menstrual cycles (self-reported).
Exclusion Criteria
- •Have an unusual eating pattern (i.e., extended fasting periods \>8h other than overnight - self-reported).
- •Severe food allergies, dislike or intolerance of study foods or drinks.
- •Currently undergoing a lifestyle intervention (structured diet or exercise)
- •Diagnosis of a condition or currently undergoing treatment therapy known to affect glucose or lipid metabolism (e.g., type-2 diabetes, taking statins), or contraindications to exercise.
- •Use of medication or supplements that may affect hormone concentrations.
- •Excessive alcohol consumption (\>14 units/week).
- •Intensive training schedule (\>10 hours/week).
- •Having received a positive COVID-19 test in the 6-month period prior to participation.
- •Female specific: currently pregnant or breastfeeding, the use of any hormonal contraception, and the self-reporting of short (\<24 d), long (\>35 d), or irregular menstrual cycles.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Voluntary energy intake (Kilocalories) at a laboratory-based test meal
Time Frame: 15 minutes following the end of the exercise session.
A laboratory-based meal consisting of pasta, tomato sauce and olive oil will be provided to participants in excess of expected consumption. Participants will be permitted 20 minutes to eat as much or as little as they desire, until 'comfortably full and satisfied'.
Exercise Performance (Voluntary Energy Expenditure)
Time Frame: Within the 15-minute performance test component of the exercise session.
Maximum energy expenditure (Kilojoules) that can be completed within 15 minutes on a stationary bicycle ergometer. The participant will be able to alter their power output by selecting up or down on the ergometer control unit as they please.
Secondary Outcomes
- Substrate Utilisation During Steady State Exercise.(Within the 30-minute steady-state component of the exercise session.)
- Visual Analogue Scale for Subjective Ratings of Appetite(Baseline, 2 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, and 24 hours.)
- Enjoyment of the Exercise Bout(Immediately following the end of the exercise session.)
- Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE).(Within the 45-minute exercise session.)
- Pre-exercise Subjective Feelings(Immediately before the exercise session.)