Comparative evaluation and correlation of hyoid bone position, airway dimension and psychological status in cases with Class II (vertical) temporomandibular disorder cases and Class II (horizontal) TMD cases as compared to Class I Non-temporomandibular disorder cases

The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) encompasses several clinical manifestations which is characterized by pain and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) . TMD has a complex aetiology, although there are likely multiple factors at play, including biomechanical, neuromuscular, psychological, and biological factors. TMD can be associated with a wide range of symptoms, including sleep disorders, airway obstruction, and psychological distress

TMD is a physical and psychological illness that causes exhaustion, sleep problems, anxiety, and sadness. TMD patients often experience pain, which can affect their quality of life, sleep, and mood. With the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, psychological issues (such as depression and anxiety) can stress the TMJ and masticatory muscles. Also, contemporary research has validated the link between psychological dysfunctions and chronic pain therefore, assessing the psychological status of TMD patients can help orthodontists better understand the impact of TMD on patients’ overall well-being and tailor treatment plans accordingly.