Lipid Profile and Ultrasound Findings in Patients With Pancreaticobiliary Diseases

Gall stones happen is the most prevalent pathology affecting the biliary system due to its Physiological function of concentration of bile having a prevalence of 10%-15% and an incidence of 1.4% per year in the adult population of developed countries (Halldestam et al,. 2009). Women are more commonly affected by gall stone disease as compared to men (Attili et al,. 1995).

Multiple risk factors responsible for the Gall stone formation include modifiable factors such as lifestyle factors (reduced physical activity, rapid weight loss, fasting, and oral contraceptives (Di Ciaula et al,. 2013); dietary factors (high fat, high cholesterol, high refined carbohydrates, and low fiber ; metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia (Cuevas et al., 2004).

Among all the above mentioned risk factors, serum lipids are considered to be the most important risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of Gall stone disease (Celika et al,. 2015). Hyperlipidemia is generally characterized by high serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL-C), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Some studies have showed a significant association of hyperlipidemia with gall stones especially hypertriglyceridemia and increased LDL-C levels (Rao et al,. 2012).

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas that originates within the pancreatic acinar cells and causes pancreatic necrosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ failure (Crockett et al,. 2013). According to The revised Atlanta classification system from 2012 ,AP is diagnosed on the basis of two of three criteria-typically belt-like abdominal pain, an elevated serum lipase level three times above the normal threshold, and radiological imaging signs of pancreatitis (Parniczky et al,.2016).

Severe hypertriglyceridemia is a well-known cause of AP. Recent studies have suggested that elevated serum triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are associated with persistent organ failure in acute pancreatitis (Peng et al,. 2015). With the change of people's diet structure and lifestyle, the incidence and mortality of hypertriglyceridemic AP are increasing year by year and has surpassed alcohol as the second leading cause of AP (Carr et al,. 2016).

Chronic pancreatitis is a syndrome characterized by chronic progressive pancreatic inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring, resulting in damage to and loss of exocrine (acinar), endocrine (islet cells), and ductal cells(Majumder S,. 2016)