The Role of Smoking Habits in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 484
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- periodontal pocket depth
研究概览
简要总结
484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and whether they had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.
详细描述
484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Other
- 时间视角
- Cross Sectional
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 65 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Age 18 years or older
- •No systemic diseases that could affect periodontal or general health
- •No history of periodontal treatment within the past six months
- •For the non-smoker group: abstinence from smoking for at least five years
排除标准
- •Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs
- •Pregnant or lactating women
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Use of waterpipe or chewing tobacco (for the smoker group)
- •Individuals undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy
结局指标
主要结局
periodontal pocket depth
时间窗: Baseline
Periodontal pocket depth measured in millimeters using a Williams periodontal probe. The distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal pocket was recorded at each site.
次要结局
- bleeding on probing(Baseline)
- plaque index(Baseline)
- gingival index(Baseline)
- clinical attachment level(Baseline)
- Daily cigarette(Baseline)
- Smoking Duration(Baseline)
- Pack-years(Baseline)
研究者
Tuğba ŞAHİN
Assistant professor
Abant Izzet Baysal University