FFA Hypertension and Inflammation in Lean and Obese Subjects

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Diabetes
Obesity
Hypertension

Interventions: Other: Intralipid 20%
Other: Normal Saline
Other: Oral fat load

Registration Number: NCT00721617

Lead Sponsor: Emory University

Brief Summary: Although a large number of obese patients develop high blood pressure, the cause is unknown. The purpose of this study is to look at the effect of high fatty acids (a type of fat) in the development of high blood pressure in obese people.

Detailed Description: Recent studies indicate that increased levels of a circulating fat (free fatty acids or FFAs) increases blood pressure, impairs endothelial (vascular) function, and increases inflammatory markers in subjects with and without diabetes. The effects of FFA on blood pressure and vasculature have not been fully investigated. A group of 12 obese nondiabetic, normotensive subjects will be admitted to the Grady Clinical Research Center (GCRC) on separate 4 occasions. Research subjects will receive, in random order, a 8-hour intravenous (IV) infusion of Intralipid 20% at 40 mL/h (a fat solution), 8-hour IV infusion of normal saline at 40 mL/h, 8-hour IV infusion of dextrose (sugar) 10% at 40 mL/h, and a 8-hour intravenous (IV) infusion combination of Intralipid 20% and dextrose 10% at 40mL/h.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 12

Inclusion Criteria

Males or females
Obese subjects (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m^2)
18 and 65 years
Blood pressure reading < 140/80 mm Hg and no prior history of hypertension

Exclusion Criteria

History of diabetes mellitus
History of hypertension
Fasting triglyceride levels > 250 mg/dL
Liver disease (ALT 2.5x > upper limit of normal)
Serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL
Smokers, drug or alcohol abuse
Mental condition rendering the subject unable to understand the scope and possible consequences of the study
Female subjects who are pregnant or breast feeding

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Obese subjects	Oral fat load	Obese normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)
Obese subjects	Intralipid 20%	Obese normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)
Lean subjects	Normal Saline	Lean normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)
Lean subjects	Oral fat load	Lean normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)
Obese subjects	Normal Saline	Obese normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)
Lean subjects	Intralipid 20%	Lean normotensive subjects will receive 24 hour challenges on 3 separate occasions, in a random order, with IV Normal Saline at 20ml/hour, IV Intralipid (20% solution at 20 ml/hour and an oral fat load (96g/24 hours)

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Flow-mediated Dilation From Baseline to 4 Hours	Baseline, 4 hours	Endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed. Ultrasound images of the brachial artery were obtained and arterial diameters were measured with customized software. FMD is expressed as the change in diameter from baseline to 4 hours.
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 4 Hours	Baseline, 4 hours	Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 8 hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference between 4 hour systolic blood pressure from baseline systolic blood pressure.
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 8 Hours	Baseline, 8 hours	Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure your heart generates when pumping blood through your arteries to the rest of your body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 8 hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference between 8 hour systolic blood pressure from baseline systolic blood pressure.
Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 4 Hours	Baseline, 4 hours	Diastolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between beats. Current guidelines identify normal diastolic blood pressure as lower than 80 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 8 hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference between 4 hour diastolic blood pressure from baseline diastolic blood pressure.
Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 8 Hours	Baseline, 8 hours	Diastolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between beats. Current guidelines identify normal diastolic blood pressure as lower than 80 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 8 hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference between 8 hour diastolic blood pressure from baseline diastolic blood pressure.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in FFA (Free Fatty Acid) Levels From Baseline to 4 Hours	Baseline, 4 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of free fatty acids (FFA) at baseline and 4 hours after each infusion. FFA levels were determined by colorimetric method. Current guidelines identify normal range of FFA level as less than 0.72 mmol/L. Elevated plasma levels of FFA indicate a greater rate of insulin resistance. Change is the difference between 4 hour FFA levels from baseline FFA levels.
Changes in FFA (Free Fatty Acid) Levels From Baseline to 8 Hours	Baseline, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of free fatty acids (FFA) at baseline and 8 hours after each infusion. FFA levels were determined by colorimetric method. Current guidelines identify normal range of FFA level as less than 0.72 mmol/L. Elevated plasma levels of FFA indicate a greater rate of insulin resistance. Change iis the difference between 8 hour FFA levels from baseline FFA levels.
Change in Triglyceride Levels From Baseline to 4 Hours	Baseline, 4 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of triglycerides at baseline and 4 hours after each infusion. Triglyceride levels were measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal range of triglyceride level as less than 150 mg/dL. Elevated levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease. Change is the difference between 4 hour triglyceride levels from baseline triglyceride levels.
Change in Triglyceride Levels From Baseline to 8 Hours	Baseline, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of triglycerides at baseline and 4 hours after each infusion. Triglyceride levels were measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal range of triglyceride level as less than 150 mg/dL. Elevated levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease. Change is the difference between 8 hour triglyceride levels from baseline triglyceride levels.
Plasma Glucose Levels for Saline Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose levels at baseline, 4 hours after saline infusion, and 8 hours after saline infusion. Plasma glucose was measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal fasting glucose as less than 100 mg/dL. High levels of glucose most frequently indicates diabetes.
Plasma Glucose Levels for Intralipid Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose levels at baseline, 4 hours after intralipid infusion, and 8 hours after intralipid infusion. Plasma glucose was measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal fasting glucose as less than 100 mg/dL. High levels of glucose most frequently indicates diabetes.
Plasma Glucose Levels for Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose levels at baseline, 4 hours after dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after dextrose infusion. Plasma glucose was measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal fasting glucose as less than 100 mg/dL. High levels of glucose most frequently indicates diabetes.
Plasma Glucose Levels for Intralipid/Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose levels at baseline, 4 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion. Plasma glucose was measured on CX7 Chemistry Analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal fasting glucose as less than 100 mg/dL. High levels of glucose most frequently indicates diabetes.
Insulin Levels for Saline Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of insulin levels at baseline, 4 hours after saline infusion, and 8 hours after saline infusion. Insulin was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal insulin levels as 8.8 μU/mL for men and 8.4 for women. High levels of insulin most frequently indicate insulin resistance or hypoglycemia, if paired with a low glucose level. Low levels of insulin paired with high glucose level can indicate diabetes.
Insulin Levels for Intralipid Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of insulin levels at baseline, 4 hours after intralipid infusion, and 8 hours after intralipid infusion. Insulin was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal insulin levels as 8.8 μU/mL for men and 8.4 for women. High levels of insulin most frequently indicate insulin resistance or hypoglycemia, if paired with a low glucose level. Low levels of insulin paired with high glucose level can indicate diabetes.
Insulin Levels for Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of insulin levels at baseline, 4 hours after dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after dextrose infusion. Insulin was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal insulin levels as 8.8 μU/mL for men and 8.4 for women. High levels of insulin most frequently indicate insulin resistance or hypoglycemia, if paired with a low glucose level. Low levels of insulin paired with high glucose level can indicate diabetes.
Insulin Levels for Intralipid/Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of insulin levels at baseline, 4 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion. Insulin was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal insulin levels as 8.8 μU/mL for men and 8.4 for women. High levels of insulin most frequently indicate insulin resistance or hypoglycemia, if paired with a low glucose level. Low levels of insulin paired with high glucose level can indicate diabetes.
C-peptides Levels for Saline Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of C-peptide levels at baseline, 4 hours after saline infusion, and 8 hours after saline infusion. C-peptide was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal C-peptide levels as 0.51 to 2.72 ng/mL. A high level of C-peptide generally indicates a high level of endogenous insulin production. This may be in response to a high blood glucose caused by glucose intake and/or insulin resistance. A high level of C-peptide is also seen with insulinomas and may be seen with low blood potassium, Cushing syndrome, and renal failure. A low level of C-peptide is associated with a low level of insulin production. This can occur when insufficient insulin is being produced by the beta cells, with diabetes for example, or when production is suppressed by treatment with exogenous insulin.
C-peptides Levels for Intralipid Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of C-peptide levels at baseline, 4 hours after Intralipid infusion, and 8 hours after Intralipid infusion. C-peptide was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal C-peptide levels as 0.51 to 2.72 ng/mL. A high level of C-peptide generally indicates a high level of endogenous insulin production. This may be in response to a high blood glucose caused by glucose intake and/or insulin resistance. A high level of C-peptide is also seen with insulinomas and may be seen with low blood potassium, Cushing syndrome, and renal failure. A low level of C-peptide is associated with a low level of insulin production. This can occur when insufficient insulin is being produced by the beta cells, with diabetes for example, or when production is suppressed by treatment with exogenous insulin.
C-peptides Levels for Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of C-peptide levels at baseline, 4 hours after dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after dextrose infusion. C-peptide was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal C-peptide levels as 0.51 to 2.72 ng/mL. A high level of C-peptide generally indicates a high level of endogenous insulin production. This may be in response to a high blood glucose caused by glucose intake and/or insulin resistance. A high level of C-peptide is also seen with insulinomas and may be seen with low blood potassium, Cushing syndrome, and renal failure. A low level of C-peptide is associated with a low level of insulin production. This can occur when insufficient insulin is being produced by the beta cells, with diabetes for example, or when production is suppressed by treatment with exogenous insulin.
C-peptides Levels for Intralipid/Dextrose Infusion	Baseline, 4 hours, 8 hours	Blood samples were collected for the measurement of C-peptide levels at baseline, 4 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion, and 8 hours after intralipid/dextrose infusion. C-peptide was measured in plasma using a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assays on the DPC Immulite analyzer. Current guidelines identify normal C-peptide levels as 0.51 to 2.72 ng/mL. A high level of C-peptide generally indicates a high level of endogenous insulin production. This may be in response to a high blood glucose caused by glucose intake and/or insulin resistance. A high level of C-peptide is also seen with insulinomas and may be seen with low blood potassium, Cushing syndrome, and renal failure. A low level of C-peptide is associated with a low level of insulin production. This can occur when insufficient insulin is being produced by the beta cells, with diabetes for example, or when production is suppressed by treatment with exogenous insulin.