Temporal Interference Neurostimulation and Addiction

Not Applicable

Terminated

Brief Summary: This project aims to develop a line of research using new non-invasive neurostimulation technology to treat adults with opioid use disorders (OUDs). In the short term, the investigators aim to identify novel target brain regions for neurostimulation treatment and characterize their effects behaviorally and neurally. In the longer term, investigators aim to use these preliminary data to justify NIH sponsored clinical trials to apply transcranial direct current stimulation and non-invasive deep brain stimulation to these areas to partially or completely disrupt addiction.

Detailed Description: The investigators hypothesize that temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation (TI-NDBS) will be well tolerated and effective at manipulating brain activity and reducing drug cravings. The investigators will investigate whether stimulation with a mild current from temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation (TI-NDBS) to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the anterior insula (AI), or the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) will reduce nicotine craving and seeking. The TI-NDBS is similar to the traditional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a method approved for use in a number of other studies. Other studies have shown there have been some effects of reducing craving with tDCS, however, tDCS cannot stimulate structures such as the ACC very effectively because tDCS cannot stimulate deeper brain regions. Thus, the Specific Aim ultimately will compare TI-NDBS with tDCS and sham stimulation. The study is broken up into four phases. The first two will involve device feasibility and identifying the best locations for the electrodes to be placed. In the third phase, the investigators will compare TI-NDBS with sham stimulation. In the fourth phase, the investigators will compare TI-NDBS with sham stimulation and with tDCS.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Must be between the ages of 18 and 50, must have at least 6th grade education, and the ability to speak and read English, must smoke at least 3/4 of a pack of cigarettes per day, must have phone with internet access.

Exclusion Criteria

if they are on psychotropic medications for ADHD, other mental illness or medication for cancer, epilepsy (i.e. individuals with any history of seizure disorder), migraines, or other neurological syndromes, or AIDs (which can cause cognitive deficits (Watkins & Treisman, 2015), history of head trauma, history of cognitive impairments, metal implants in the head or under the scalp, personal experiences consistent with symptoms of psychosis (i.e. mind or body being secretly controlled, special powers, seeing or hearing things that aren't really there).
Subjects will be excluded if they do not meet fMRI safety screening criteria (i.e. metal implants in their body, tattoo on head or neck, permanent jewelry, etc.) or if a participant uses an IUD for birth control they will be excluded unless the subject can document the model of the IUD and we can verify its safety for the MRI environment. Pregnancy should be self-reported, and a pregnancy test will not be administered. Participants must also weigh less than 440 lbs.
History of holes bored into skull or known fissures in cranial bones
Presence of pacemakers

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Phase 4 Traditional tDCS	tDCS	Participants assigned to this condition will receive traditional transcranial direct current stimulation for 60 minutes for 5 days.
Phase 4 TI-NDBS	Active TI-NDBS	Participants assigned to this condition will receive active temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation for 60 minutes for 5 days and will be compared to sham stimulation and tDCS.
Phase 4 Sham stimulation	Sham TI-NDBS	Participants assigned to this condition will receive sham temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation, in which they will have electrodes attached to the scalp but the device is only turned on for a few seconds. Participants will be in the scanner for 60 minutes for 5 days. This will be used as the control condition and compared with TI-NDBS and tDCS.
Phase 3 Active TI-NDBS	Active TI-NDBS	Participants assigned to this condition will receive active temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation. Participants will receive stimulation for 60 minutes on one day.
Phase 3 Sham TI-NDBS	Sham TI-NDBS	Participants assigned to this condition will receive sham temporal interference non-invasive deep brain stimulation, in which they will have electrodes attached to the scalp but the device is only turned on for a few seconds.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Nicotine Craving	Each subject was asked to report their craving during the day of the session, before and after the stimulation. Approximately one hour elapsed between before and after nicotine craving measurements. The session was carried out during the daytime.	The investigators predict that TI-NDBS will outperform sham stimulation at an overall change in smoking and cigarette craving, which in turn will outperform sham stimulation. The investigators will sum the total inhaled nicotine vapor volume in liters over the 60 minute session and perform pairwise t-tests to determine if total drug intake is lower with TI-NDBS vs tDCS. Also, the investigators will average the self reported craving levels on a Likert scale across each subject during the 60 minute session, and the investigators will perform pairwise tests to determine if stimulation lowers self reported craving. \\The Likert scale is 0-10, where 10 is maximum craving. The units are units on a scale.\\ \\The outcome measure is computed by taking the pre-stimulation craving and subtracting the post-stimulation craving. Positive numbers indicate the degree to which the self-reported craving was reduced after the stimulation relative to before stimulation\\

Secondary Outcome Measures