Integrated Primary Care for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Less Developed Countries: Pragmatic Trial of the Practical Approach to Care Kit

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (diabetes and CVD) place a heavy and growing burden on people living in low and middle income countries. Many of them could be healthier if their disease was accurately diagnosed and correctly treated, but many are not. Doctors and nurses working in primary health care clinic are best placed people to diagnose and treat, especially where local clinics are near and free. But this raises two questions: 1. How to ensure that diabetes and CVD get the priority they need in overloaded clinics? 2. How to ensure rational evidence-based diagnosis and prescribing for diabetes and CVD? The investigators have developed a way of improving primary health care for people who have long term health conditions. It is a patient management tool (PMT), that is, a printed manual of flowcharts taking doctors and nurses from symptoms to diagnoses to treatments, tests or referrals, with advice on how to make decisions along the way about diagnoses, tests, treatments and referrals. They are prompted to think of other diseases and health problems that might be undetected or neglected. The package also includes a method of training known as outreach education. First trainers are trained, then trainers train groups of doctors and nurses at their workplaces, showing them how to use the guidelines, and using their own patients and clinical problems as examples. This outreach training is repeated several times in short sessions. The investigators' research in Africa has shown that this approach can be effective, cost effective, feasible and sustainable. It has been rolled out throughout South Africa and other African countries. But it has have not yet been shown to be effective for diabetes and CVD. The investigators have also not tried or evaluate it in Latin American countries, which have different health systems, and have many more doctors providing primary health care. Now co-investigators in the Brazilian city of Florianopolis have decided to put this educational package in place throughout the city, and have agreed to do so as a randomised controlled trial. This will clearly show whether PACK Brazil is effective, cost effective and feasible under Brazilian conditions. The core of the research will be a randomised controlled trial. 48 primary care clinics in the city will be randomly chosen either 1) to get the whole package of patient management tool plus training, or 2) only to get the patient management tool (which is expected to will make little difference without training). The investigators will compare patients in these two groups of clinics to see the effects of the training. They will use the clinics' electronic medical records to identify about 32000 adults diagnosed with diabetes and CVD. After the training starts they will follow these patients up for a year, and assess whether they are being appropriately treated and tested. The primary endpoints will be 1. Number of participants in whom at least one of the following tests was recorded: body mass index, plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, electrocardiogram, and 2. in participants with a diagnosis of hypertension recorded previously, average systolic blood pressure recorded. Secondary endpoints will include frequency of tests, the number who have each type of test, diastolic blood pressure in participants with hypertension, serum glucose levels in participants with diabetes, prescription of indicated treatments and treatment intensification, health measures (hospital admissions and deaths), and indicators of diagnosis and treatment of comorbid conditions such as depression. Eligible patients will be identified and outcomes measured using electronic medical records.

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes

• Diastolic blood pressure(During the first year of the trial)
• Number of tests(During the first year of the trial)
• BMI measured(During the first year of the trial)
• Cholesterol tested(During the first year of the trial)
• ECG tested(During the first year of the trial)
• Chest X ray tested(During the first year of the trial)
• Glucose tested(During the first year of the trial)
• Simvastatin prescribed(During the first year of the trial)
• Simvastatin dose changed(During the first year of the trial)
• Depression diagnosed(During the first year of the trial)
• Antidepressant diagnosed(During the first year of the trial)
• Heart failure diagnosed(During the first year of the trial)
• Ischemic heart disease diagnosed(During the first year of the trial)
• Cerebrovascular disease diagnosed(During the first year of the trial)
• Angina referral(During the first year of the trial)
• Hospital admission for CVD(During the first year of the trial)
• All cause mortality(During the first year of the trial)
• Death from CVD(During the first year of the trial)
• Any hypertension controlled(During the first year of the trial)
• Severe hypertension controlled(During the first year of the trial)
• Number of glucose tests(During the first year of the trial)
• Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)(During the first year of the trial)
• Heart failure treatment(During the first year of the trial)
• Increased hypertension treatment(During the first year of the trial)
• Ischemic heart disease treatment(During the first year of the trial)