Effect of Adding Nebulized Salbutamol to Intravenous Atropine and Oxygen During Resuscitation of OP Pesticide Poisoned Patients

Pesticide self-poisoning kills over 300,000 people every year (1). Most deaths occur in rural Asia where widespread use of pesticides to boost food production allows easy access at stressful times. The WHO now recognizes pesticide poisoning to be the single most important global means of suicide (2) Amongst pesticides, organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate insecticides are of most concern, causing about 2/3 of deaths (1,3). These insecticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), producing an 'acute cholinergic crisis' with reduced consciousness, bradycardia, hypotension, and acute respiratory failure. On arrival at hospital, patients are resuscitated with atropine and, for OPs, an oxime AChE reactivator (4). Unfortunately, this treatment is often inadequate and many still die (5). A recent Bangladeshi RCT showed that rapid resuscitation of patients with atropine saves lives (6). This study compared a faster 'doubling dose' method of atropinisation with a standard bolus method during resuscitation. It reported quicker stabilisation and a 14% absolute reduction in mortality.

Rationale: Atropine only stops production of fluid and does not speed its removal from the lung. Therefore a treatment that increases removal, to complement atropine-induced cessation of production, could reduce fluid in the lungs and speed return effective oxygen exchange. A single nebulised dose of the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol may increase removal since it increases alveolar fluid removal via the epithelial sodium channel. A pilot clinical study is required to test the hypothesis and to provide data for powering a large phase III RCT.

Research question: Will addition of the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol to atropine during resuscitation improve oxygenation, reduce the need for atropine, and speed stabilisation?

Objectives:General Objectives: To test the efficacy of salbutamol at increasing oxygenation and speeding resuscitation.

Specific Objectives: To test whether salbutamol alters dose of atropine administered and incidence of tachydysrhythmias.