In-Home Sleep Monitoring to Detect Suicide Risk in Veterans

Suicide is a devastating event that occurs at a very low base rate, rendering detection of acute suicide risk one of the signal challenges in behavioral science. Advancement in the detection of imminent risk requires new modalities of intensive, longitudinal data collection that are both acceptable and scalable. Recent developments in commercial, actigraphic sleep recording systems have opened a new avenue of approach to this challenge, enabling the automated collection and daily review of sleep scheduling and sleep heart rate (HR), both of which have demonstrated associations with suicidality in prior studies. Our team, comprising Drs. Steven Woodward (Director of the Sleep and Psychophysiology Laboratory of the National Center for PTSD), Rebecca Bernert (Director of the Suicide Prevention Center, Stanford University School of Medicine), Christina Khan (Director of the Thrive Clinic, Stanford University School of Medicine), and Wilfred Pigeon (Director of the Center of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs) will pursue the following Aims.

AIM 1: To assess, in U.S. military veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whether sleep schedule variability and sleep heart rate, recorded in the home for one month using a low-cost, zero-burden, actigraphic sleep measurement system, can distinguish those who are at elevated actuarial risk for suicide from those who are not.

AIM 2: To assess, in U.S. military veterans diagnosed with PTSD, whether elevated sleep schedule variability and elevated sleep heart rates can predict increased suicidal ideation over a clinically-relevant surveillance period of two months.

The proposal is founded on observational and epidemiological studies supporting associations between sleep disturbance, basal heart rate and suicidality, including important contributions from Co-Is Bernert and Pigeon (1-12). Also supportive of the proposal are new observations from a sample of 71 U.S. Military veterans with deployment-related PTSD studied by the PI during inpatient PTSD treatment. In this sample, after adjusting for depressed mood and body mass index (BMI), sleep heart rate was 3.8 BPM higher in those endorsing current ideation and a history of attempts than in those denying both. The investigators also describe in detail below a supportive case observed in Dr. Woodward's laboratory which, to our knowledge, represents the first extended acquisition of sleep behavior prior to a serious suicide attempt.

The proposal leverages the PI's expertise in zero-burden, mattress-actigraphic sleep recording originally motivated by the observation that PTSD patients rarely manifest sleep disturbances in the laboratory. The aforementioned data were obtained employing a high-accuracy, non-commercial, mattress actigraphic system developed by the PI (13-15), which was found acceptable to > 95% of the 900+ veteran PTSD inpatients with whom it has been used at the Trauma Recovery Program (TRP) at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System (~40,000 nights of recording). The proposed study will employ a low-cost, commercially-available alternative, the Sleepace RestOn, that can be mailed and user-installed. This system is also zero-burden as there is nothing to put on, take off, charge, or upload. In our pilot work, it has proven acceptable to veteran outpatients at high risk for suicide. Moreover, though its connection to a tablet computer, this system provides daily, web-based access to the raw actigraphic data enabling the direct verification of data quality and the application of custom algorithms to extract movement, heart rate, and respiratory amplitude.