The Effect of Use of Infection Control Precaution Package on the Rate of SSI in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) pose a risk to patient safety all over the world and in our country, and cause financial loss by increasing mortality and morbidity rates. Surgical site infections (SSI) constitute approximately 15% to 30% of HAI and are in the top three of these infections. SSI are infections that develop in the relevant incision site, organ or space after a surgery. According to the guide published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2017, SSI is divided into three categories: superficial incisional, deep incisional and organ/space. Superficial incisional SSI is defined as infections related to the surgical incision and the opened or manipulated area observed within 30 days following the surgical intervention, while deep incisional and organ/space SSI is defined as infections related to the surgical incision and the opened or manipulated area observed within 30 or 90 days following the surgical intervention.

In Europe, SSI has been found to affect more than 500,000 people per year and cost 19 million euros, while in the United States, it causes patients to spend 400,000 extra days in the hospital, costing 10 billion US dollars per year. Infection rates vary by country and type of surgical procedure: SSI occurs in about 2% of the estimated 80 million surgeries performed annually in the United States. In Europe, rates range from 0.6% to 9.5%. A study in Brazil found a surgical site infection rate of 3.4%. A study in 16 provinces in Turkey reported a rate of 4.5%. SSI rates range from 0.9% in the United States, 2.6% in Italy, 2.8% in Australia, and 2.1% in the Republic of Korea.

SSI is a significant health problem in terms of increasing the length of hospital stay and costs. Infection can cause pain, discomfort, loss of income and reduced quality of life for patients. These infections can range from a simple incision site abscess with purulent discharge to a complex infection that can cause a life-threatening situation and possible morbidity.

Measures to reduce infections are necessary to reduce patient morbidity as well as hospital costs and resource use. There are various strategies to prevent infections. The greatest impact has been found in combining different measures in a care package. Care packages, a new approach used to improve patient outcomes, were first defined in 2001 by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to improve clinical outcomes in intensive care patients. Care packages, which are reported to be effective in improving patient outcomes, require the implementation of scientifically proven interventions as a package. If one of the practices in the package is not followed, the other practices are considered not to have been implemented. Due to this feature, the care package is also known as the "all or nothing" standard and is used by creating checklists with "yes" and "no" steps.

Neurosurgery patients are susceptible to infections during and after surgery. In neurosurgical procedures, physical and mechanical barriers that serve as defense mechanisms against microorganisms are disrupted. These patients often carry the risk of multiple hospital-acquired infections due to risk factors such as multiple trauma, head trauma, neurological deficits, coma, and immobilization. Meningitis infections, which are generally considered to be a small proportion of hospital infections, are quite common among SSI infections in cranial surgery. This situation prolongs the length of hospital stay, increases treatment costs, and mortality. Infections after cranial brain surgery are seen in 0.5%-7.2% of patients and cause repeat surgeries, prolonged antibiotic treatment, and increased hospital stay, and are often life-threatening.