Psychophysiological Effects of Music

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Sadness
• Interventions: Behavioral: Music

• Registration Number: NCT06516666
• Lead Sponsor: Zhejiang University

Brief Summary

This study employed a repeated measure between-subjects design. Two groups (i.e., depressed group and non-depressed group) of participants were recruited. Each participant experienced four stages: baseline, neutral control, sadness induction, and music intervention. The outcome variables were self-reported emotion and Heart Rate Variability features. Emotions were reported at the end of every stage. Electrocardiogram signals were recorded throughout the experiment.

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2023-04-18
• Primary Completion: 2023-06-20
• Study Completion: 2023-06-20
• Status Verified: 2024-07
• Study First Submitted: 2024-07-01
• Study First Submitted QC: 2024-07-22
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-07-22
• Study First Posted: 2024-07-24
• Last Update Posted: 2024-07-24

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 149

Inclusion Criteria

• Aged 18-30 years
• Right-handed
• No recent illness or medication use
• No history of neurological or psychiatric disorders
• Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity (myopic participants wore glasses)
• Normal hearing

Exclusion Criteria

• Incapable of giving written informed consent to this study
• Acute high suicide risk at baseline assessment
• Psychosis

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: FACTORIAL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Depressed group	Music	The participants were categorized into two groups using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). PHQ-9 is a self-report scale. PHQ-9 scores of 5 or higher represent mild and severe depression, while PHQ-9 scores of lower than 5 mean normal condition. HAM-D is a scale administered by a healthcare professional. The cut-off point of the HAM-D scale is 8, which divides normal conditions from depressive conditions. The participants first completed PHQ-9. For those with PHQ-9 scores of 5 or higher, the trained researchers interviewed them and rated their severity of depression on the HAM-D. The participants first completed PHQ-9. For those with PHQ-9 scores ≥ 5, the trained researchers interviewed them and rated their severity of depression on the HAM-D. Those with HAM-D scores \> 8 were classified into the depressed group.
Non-depressed group	Music	Those with PHQ-9 scores \< 5 or HAM-D scores ≤ 8 were classified into the non-depressed group.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Revision of Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-R)	Immediately after the baseline, immediately after the neutral control, immediately after the sadness induction, and immediately after the music intervention.	The PANAS is another widely used scale to measure mood or emotion. The Chinese version of PANAS is comprised of 18 items, with 9 items measuring positive affect (e.g., joyful, inspired) and 9 items measuring negative affect (e.g., sad, fearful). Because participants were required to report their feelings repeatedly in this study, 18 items would be too long and tiresome. The 18 items plus "calmness" were used as 19 options for participants to choose. They needed to select one of the emotion words to tag their strongest emotion for the stage that they had just experienced. This revision of PANAS allowed us to capture the specific emotion type.
Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN)	Throughout the whole experiment, an average of 6 minutes for each stage.	SDNN measures the overall variability of heart rate. Higher SDNN values indicate greater variability.
Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)	Immediately after the baseline, immediately after the neutral control, immediately after the sadness induction, and immediately after the music intervention.	The SAM scale is a brief and widely used tool for assessing emotional states. The scale is a nonverbal self-report measure of emotion, using a set of cartoon-like manikins. The manikins illustrate nine intensity levels for valence (1 = unpleasant; 9 = pleasant), arousal (1 = calm, 9 = excited), and dominance (1 = controlled; 9 = controlling).
Mean of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (MeanNN)	Throughout the whole experiment, an average of 6 minutes for each stage.	MeanNN refers to the average duration between consecutive normal heartbeats, also named inter-beat interval. A higher MeanNN indicates a lower heart rate.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Shulin Chen; 🇨🇳 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China