Sedation Using Dexmedetomidine With or Without Different Methods of Airway Topical Anesthesia for Awake Fiberoptic Nasal Intubation in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgeries Under General Anesthesia

Airway management is an integral part of general anesthesia. Difficult airway management may lead to various adverse events such as airway trauma, up to cardiopulmonary arrest.

Awake fiberoptic intubation is the gold standard technique for difficult airway, although it can lead to significant patient anxiety and discomfort. Thus, it necessitates sufficient airway anesthesia for the patient's comfort and cooperation.

One challenge associated with this procedure is providing adequate anxiolysis while maintaining a patent airway and adequate ventilation. Suppressing airway reflexes represents another challenge to achieve successful airway management.

Sedation can be used during such procedures for better patient cooperation. The ideal sedative for awake intubation would provide patient comfort and good intubating conditions and at the same time maintain a patent airway.

Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist that can cause sedation, anxiolysis, sparing with minimal respiratory depression. It reduces the salivary secretion, which is advantageous for awake fiberoptic intubation.

Airway nerve blocks are considered technically difficult to perform and generally carry a higher risk of complications, including bleeding, nerve damage, and intravascular injection, but if performed by an experienced anesthesiologist, they would achieve excellent airway anesthesia for successful AFOI.

There are various airway topical techniques such as nebulization, atomization (McKenzie technique), and Spray-As-You- Go technique.

In the present study, we try to find out which is more effective for topicalization to achieve good intubating conditions in patients undergoing awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation using different methods of airway topicalization, nebulization, atomization or We used a modification of the McKenzie technique for atomization.