Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Muscle Performance, Neuromuscular Function, and Inflammation at Rest and Following Eccentric Exercise.
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 尚未招募
- 入组人数
- 32
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Muscle Strength
研究概览
简要总结
This study aims to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on muscle performance, neuromuscular function, inflammation, and oxidative stress at rest and after eccentric exercise. The findings may provide insights into the role of omega-3 fatty acids in muscle function, physiology, and metabolism following muscle-damaging exercise. Additionally, the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular health will be investigated.
详细描述
The study is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Two parallel groups of 16 healthy males and females each (sex counterbalanced, 20-45 years) will randomly take 3 g of fish oil [1500 mg EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) + 750 mg DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), Now Foods, USA] or a placebo (3 g of olive oil) for 12 weeks. Before taking the supplement, participants will perform a unilateral isokinetic eccentric exercise session of maximal voluntary intensity (10 repetitions x 10 sets of knee extensions at a speed of 60 degrees per second). Dominant and non-dominant legs will be allocated equally and randomly across participants. Physiological assessments and blood samples will be collected immediately before exercise and 2 and 4 days after eccentric exercise (bout 1). Then, participants will start the supplementation for 12 weeks. At the end of the supplementation period, participants will perform the same eccentric exercise protocol (bout 2) with their opposite leg. The same assessments and blood sampling will be conducted at the same time points (i.e., immediately before and 2 and 4 days after eccentric exercise).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Supportive Care
- 盲法
- Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 20 Years 至 45 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Body Mass Index (BMI) within the normal range (18.5-25 kg/m²).
- •Healthy individuals without severe medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, neuromuscular disorders).
- •No musculoskeletal injury in the lower limbs (e.g., bone fracture, tendon rupture, grade III muscle strain) within the last 6 months before enrollment.
- •Negative responses to all questions on the PAR-Q questionnaire indicating no contraindications to participating in exercise testing.
- •Mentally capable of providing informed consent.
排除标准
- •Use of any pharmaceutical medications (e.g., statins, aspirin, ibuprofen).
- •Use of dietary supplements (e.g., protein, vitamins) within the last 3 months before enrollment.
- •Participation in a structured training program involving more than three training sessions per week during the study period.
- •Following a special diet (e.g., intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, vegetarian diet).
- •Allergy or intolerance to fish oil or olive oil.
结局指标
主要结局
Muscle Strength
时间窗: Changes in muscle strength after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
Muscle strength of the knee extensors will be measured using an isokinetic dynamometer during maximal voluntary contractions. The unit of measure is Newton-meters (Nm).
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO₂ max)
时间窗: Changes in VO₂ max after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
VO₂ max will be assessed during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The measure unit is milliliters per kilogram of body mass per minute (ml/kg/min).
Muscle Fatigue Index (MFI)
时间窗: Changes in MFI after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
MFI will be calculated as the percentage decline (%) in peak torque across a series of repeated maximal contractions of the knee extensor muscles on an isokinetic dynamometer.
Muscle Oxygenation
时间窗: Changes in muscle oxygenation after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
Muscle oxygenation will be measured in the vastus lateralis using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Parameters include oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), and total hemoglobin levels, which will be expressed in arbitrary units (AU).
Creatine Kinase
时间窗: Change in creatine kinase activity after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
Creatine kinase activity will be measured in International Units (IU) via the enzymatic colorimetric method in fasting plasma samples.
Range of Motion (ROM)
时间窗: Change in ROM after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
ROM of the knee joint will be measured in degrees (°) using an isokinetic dynamometer, with full extension defined as 0° and flexion recorded up to 120°.
Muscle Thickness
时间窗: Change in muscle thickness after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis will be measured using B-mode ultrasound with a linear probe, in millimeters (mm).
Echo Intensity
时间窗: Change in echo intensity after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.
Echo intensity of the vastus lateralis will be assessed using B-mode ultrasound with a linear probe and quantified from grayscale image analysis, expressed in arbitrary units (0-255).
Blood Lipids Profile
时间窗: Change in blood lipids from baseline (immediately before supplementation) to 12 weeks after the supplementation period.
Fasting blood samples will be collected and analyzed to assess the participant's lipid profile, including: Total Cholesterol (TC). Expressed in mg/dL. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). Expressed in mg/dL. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C). Expressed in mg/dL. Triglycerides (TG). Expressed in mg/dL. Blood will be drawn after a minimum of 8-12 hours of fasting. Lipid concentrations will be determined using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer.
次要结局
- Fascicle Length(Change in fascile length after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Muscle Stiffness(Change in muscle stifness after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Muscle Tone(Change in muscle tone after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time(Change in mechanical stress relaxation time after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure(Change in blood pressure from baseline (immediately before supplementation) to 12 weeks after the supplementation period.)
- Arterial stiffness(Change in arterial stiffness from baseline (immediately before supplementation) to 12 weeks after the supplementation period.)
- Omega-3 Index(Change in omega-3 index in red blood cells from baseline (immediately before supplementation) to 12 weeks after the supplementation period.)
- Rate of Force Development (RFD).(Change in RFD after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Electromechanical Delay (EMD)(Change in EMD after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Force Matching Error (FME)(Change in FME after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Joint Position Sense (JPS)(Change in JPS after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS).(Change in DOMS after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Countermovement Jump (CMJ)(Change in CMJ after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Contact Time(Change in contact time after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Stability Index(Change in stability index after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- F2-Isoprostanes(Change in F2-Isoprostanes after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Glutathione(Change in glutathione after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Protein carbonyls(Change in protein carbonyls after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6)(Change in IL-6 after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)(Change in TNF-α after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
- Pennation Angle(Change in pennation angle after the first bout (week 0) and the second bout of exercise (week 12) from baseline (immediately before each bout) and at day 2 and day 4 after each exercise bout.)
研究者
Dr. Anastasios Theodorou
Associate Professor
European University Cyprus