rTMS-enhanced Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

Decrease of borderline symptoms

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of symptoms measured by Borderline Symptoms List-23

Increase of emotion regulation

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant increase of emotion regulation measured by Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (minimum: 22, maximum: 87, higher score means better outcome)

Decrease of self-reported depression symptoms

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of depression symptoms measured by Beck Depression Inventory II

Decrease of dissociation symptoms

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of dissociation symptoms measured by Multiscale dissociation inventory

Decrease of depression symptoms clinical ranking

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of depression symptoms measured by Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale clinical rating

Decrease of anxiety

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of anxiety symptoms measured by Beck Anxiety Inventory

Decreased brain emotional reactivity

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3) in all groups and additionally 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in DBT group

Hariri task (fMRI emotional processing task) in fMRI will be used to measure brain correlates of emotional reactivity. The task includes 2 experimental categories: 1. emotional faces and 2. emotional social scenes which reliably evoke emotional responses, and 1 control baseline condition of geometric shapes. Further, each experimental category will include three condition: negative pictures, positive pictures, and neutral pictures. Contrast of emotional conditions against neutral conditions of the same type and against control condition will be used to track the neural correlates of emotional reactivity and processing.

Decreased impulsivity in Go/No-Go task in fMRI

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3) in all groups and additionally 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in DBT group

fMRI Go/No-Go task will be displaying 2 experimental conditions (presenting letter A or X), where participant is asked to react with a button only in first condition (Go condition), while remain passive during the second condition (NoGo condition). The task is designed to measure impulsivity and brain correlates during inhibition.

Decrease of impulsivity

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

significant decrease of impulsivity measured by UPPS-P questionnaire

Increased regulation of amygdala during fMRI neurofeedback

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3) in all groups and additionally 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in DBT group

fMRI neurofeedback will be used to measure the participants' ability to influence their amygdala activity. fMRI neurofeedback is a method which enables measuring, computing, and displaying the current blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal level in a selected brain area. The ability of the participants to voluntarily regulate the target area activity using the feedback presentation is measured. Specifically, pictures arousing negative emotions will be presented to participants in the MR scanner together with a scale showing the current level of their right amygdala activity and participants will be instructed to decrease the scale as much as possible by regulating down their emotion (regulation condition). As a controlled condition to regulation condition, passive viewing of the negative pictures will be included (view condition).

Decrease of emotional variability

Time Frame: Baseline (T1), after 3 weeks (T2), 12 weeks after baseline (T3), 24 weeks after baseline (T4) in all groups and additionally 48 weeks after baseline (T5) in DBT group

Measured by ecological momentary assessment (EMA) implemented as an questionnaire accessible through participant's smartphone via application ExpiWell. Participants will receive notifications reminding to fill out the questionnaire every hour (in random times during the hour) between 9 am and 9 pm for two days. Participants will be asked about their current experienced emotion and its intensity. Additional questions on self-harm and suicidal thoughts intensity during the day and whether a self-harming incident has occurred during the day will be sent at 9 pm on both days.

Decrease in sef-harming behavior and medical care usage

Time Frame: Recorded for the past 6 months (at the beginning and after 48 weeks) or in the past three months (after 12 weeks and after 24 weeks)

During an interview with a clinician, participants will be asked about the number of self-harming incidents and suicidal attempts and the number of crisis medical care usage and number of days spent in psychiatric hospitalization in the past 6 months or in the past three months.