Feasibility of a Positive Parenting Program for Women Experiencing Homelessness Who Have a History of Interpersonal Violence: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Change in social support as assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Item Bank v 2.0 Emotional Support

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

The PROMIS emotional support tool has 16 items and the participants respond each item using a 5-point rating scale from 1(never)-5(always) a higher score indicating more emotional support

Change in self efficacy as assessed by the General Self- Efficacy Scale (GSE)

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

GSE is a 10 item scale. Participants respond to statements such as "I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort" on a 4-point Likert scale anchored by 1(not at all true)-4( exactly true),the total score ranges between 10 and 40, with a higher score indicating more self-efficacy.

Change in Women's parenting stress as assessed by the Parental Stress scale (PSS)

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

This is an 18 item questionnaire and each is scored on a 5 point scale from 1(strongly disagree) to (5strongly agree) for a score range of 18-90, higher score indicating more stress

Change in social support as assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Item Bank v 2.0 Informational Support

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

The PROMIS informational support is a 10 items and participants respond each item using a 5-point rating scale (Health Measures) anchored by 1(never)-5(always) with a higher score indicating a better outcome

Change in children's behavior as assessed by the Devereux Early Childhood Assessments (DECA)-Toddler

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

DECA (Toddler) is a 36 item questionnaire. It is a 5 point behavior rating scale scored from never to very frequently which provides an assessment of within-child protective factors central to social and emotional health and resilience.

Change in parent satisfaction as assessed by the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC)

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

The PSOC is a 17-item scale and each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale anchored by 1(strongly disagree to 6( strongly agree).A higher score indicates a higher parenting sense of competency

Change in children's behavior as assessed by the Devereux Early Childhood Assessments (DECA)-Infant

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

DECA (Infant) is a 33 item questionnaire for parents about their infants (1month-18 months) It is a 5 point behavior rating scale scored from never to very frequently which provides an assessment of within-child protective factors central to social and emotional health and resilience.

Change in women's empowerment as assessed by the Personal Progress Scale-Revised (PPS-R)

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

PPS-R is a 28-item self-report measure on which participants rate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each item on a 7-point scale.

Change in children's behavior as assessed by the Devereux Early Childhood Assessments (DECA)-Preschoolers

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

DECA (preschoolers) is a 38 item questionnaire. It is a 5 point behavior rating scale scored from never to very frequently which provides an assessment of within-child protective factors central to social and emotional health and resilience

Change in perceived parent child connectedness as assessed by the Mothers Object Relational Scale- Short Form (MORS- SF) and MORS- Child scale.

Time Frame: Baseline, immediately after intervention(about 6 weeks after baseline), One month after end of intervention and 3 months after end of intervention intervention

This measures mothers' perception on 2 scales: warmth and invasiveness. This is a 14 item scale and each item is scored from 0( never)-5(always).Warmth is scored by adding the scores from items 1,3,4,6,8,11,and 13, for an average score of 29 a higher score indicating more warmth. Invasiveness is scored by adding the scores of items 2,5,7,9,10.12.and 14, an average score of 10 and higher score indicates worse outcome.