A Psychological-behavioral Intervention for Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Type2 Diabetes

Interventions: Behavioral: Positive Psychology + Motivational Interviewing
Behavioral: MI-based Health Education Intervention

Registration Number: NCT03150199

Lead Sponsor: Massachusetts General Hospital

Brief Summary: The focus of this study is to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of a customized, combined positive psychology and motivational interviewing (PP-MI) health behavior intervention versus a motivational interviewing (MI) health education intervention in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Detailed Description: The investigators will compare a combined positive psychology and motivational interviewing (PP-MI) intervention that is adapted for patients with T2D to a motivational interviewing (MI) health education intervention. The MGH Diabetes Center and MGH primary care clinics will serve as the source of subjects for the study, with patients who have a diagnosis of T2D serving as potential participants. The investigators will enroll 60 participants, who will be randomized to either an 8-week PP-MI health behavior intervention or an 8-week MI-based health education intervention.

In this project, the investigators plan to do the following:

1. Examine the feasibility and acceptability of an 8-week, telephone-delivered health behavior intervention utilizing PP exercises and MI with systematic goal-setting.

2. Determine whether the PP-MI intervention leads to greater increases in physical activity than the MI-based education intervention in T2D patients.

3. Explore the impact of the PP-MI intervention on other psychological, behavioral, and medical outcomes, compared to the MI-based education intervention.

Participants will undergo an initial screening visit during which they will meet with study staff in person. At this visit, study eligibility will be confirmed, and eligible and willing participants will be enrolled. Following enrollment, participants will complete self-report measures, and vital signs and A1c will be measured. They then will take home and wear an accelerometer for one week, to measure baseline physical activity.

Baseline information about enrolled participants will be obtained from the patients, care providers, and the electronic medical record as required for characterization of the population. This information will include data regarding medical history (type 2 diabetes mellitus), current medical variables (conditions affecting physical activity), medications, and sociodemographic data (age, gender, race/ethnicity, living alone).

Participants will undergo a second in-person visit once adequate baseline physical activity data has been obtained. In this visit, accelerometer data will be reviewed to ensure that adequate baseline activity was captured. If so, participants will be randomized to either the PP-MI or MI-based health education intervention, then begin the study intervention. During this second in-person visit, participants will receive either a PP-MI or MI-based health education treatment manual, depending on randomization.

For the PP-MI intervention:

For each session, a PP exercise will be described in the manual, with instructions and space to write about the exercise and its effects. Next, an MI section will outline specific MI-based topics (e.g., pros/cons, managing slips) and facilitate physical activity goal-setting. At subsequent sessions, participants will review the prior week's PP exercise and learn about a new exercise, then will review the prior week's physical activity goal and set a new one.

For the MI-based health education intervention:

Each week, participants will learn about a different health behavior topic related to diabetes health. They will also be introduced to motivational interviewing topics in concert with the health behavior education topics, including medication adherence, having a heart-healthy diet, and being physically active.

Participants will complete the remaining sessions by phone approximately weekly over the next 8 weeks. Phone sessions will last approximately 30 minutes, with PP-MI and physical activity assignments completed between phone sessions. PP and MI components will be delivered step-wise within sessions (rather than intertwined) based on our experience, participant feedback, and pilot work. If a week is missed, the session will not be skipped, but rather the intervention will be completed sequentially (with participants who miss weeks then missing the final sessions), with the exception of the final call, which skips to Planning for the Future in all cases.

Participants will undergo an in-person follow-up assessment at 8 weeks. At this session, participants will repeat self-report assessments that were administered at baseline. Vital signs and a blood sample will again be collected at this in-person visit. Prior to this assessment, participants will wear an accelerometer for an additional 7 days to measure physical activity. Participants will also undergo a phone follow-up assessment at 16 weeks. During this session over the phone, participants will repeat self-report assessments that were administered at baseline. Finally, prior to this follow-up, participants will wear another accelerometer for 7 days to measure physical activity.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 60

Inclusion Criteria

T2D. Eligible patients will meet American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for T2D (e.g., HbA1c [A1C] ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/d), with diagnosis confirmed by their diabetes clinician and/or medical record review.
Low physical activity. Low physical activity will be defined as ≤150 minutes/week of MVPA (corresponding to ADA recommendations for moderate or greater intensity aerobic physical activity). Physical activity will be measured using a brief questionnaire adapted from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).

Exclusion Criteria

Cognitive impairment precluding consent or meaningful participation.
Lack of phone availability.
Inability to read/write in English.
Additional medical conditions (e.g., severe arthritis) that preclude physical activity.
Enrollment in mind-body programs, lifestyle intervention programs (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation), or other clinical trials.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Positive Psychology + Motivational Interviewing	Positive Psychology + Motivational Interviewing	Participants will complete weekly positive psychology exercises and will systematically set goals related to physical activity. Study trainers will review the positive psychology exercises on the phone each week and will use motivational interviewing techniques to facilitate goal setting.
MI-Based Health Education Intervention	MI-based Health Education Intervention	Participants will speak on the telephone each week with a study trainer. During these calls, the trainer will provide education about a health behavior related to diabetes health (physical activity, medication adherence, diet) and will use motivational interviewing techniques to facilitate the consideration of behavior change.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of PP-MI Sessions Completed by Participants	8 weeks	Measured by number of PP-MI sessions completed by participants in the PP-MI group.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Self-Efficacy for Exercise	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE), a validated scale which assess self-efficacy barriers to exercise (Range: 0-90). Higher scores indicate higher efficacy expectations in relation to exercising. This was measured at Baseline, Week 8, and Week 16.
Ease of MI Component	Weeks 1-8	Participants in the PP-MI group will provide ratings of ease after each MI exercise, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (0=very difficult; 10=very easy). Weekly ratings were averaged to provide an overall ease of the exercises.
Change in Diabetes Self-Care	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), a well-validated measure of diabetes self-management that is associated with clinical outcomes (Range: 0-7). Higher scores indicate more diabetes self-care activities.
Change in Resilience	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), a reliable scale which assesses a person's ability to recover from stress despite adversity (Range: 6-30). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Utility of MI Component	Weeks 1-8	Participants in the PP-MI group will provide ratings of utility after each MI exercise, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (0=not at all helpful; 10=very helpful). Weekly utility ratings were averaged to provide an overall utility score of the exercises.
Change in Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity	Change from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	ActiGraph GT3X+ step counters are validated as measures of physical activity and have been used in numerous studies of physical activity in patients with medical illness. In this trial, participants will wear the accelerometer for one week at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks to assess the feasibility of doing so and to ensure adequate capture of physical activity.
Change in Positive Affect	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	The positive affect items on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a well-validated scale used in other intervention trials and in patients with medical illnesses, will be used to measure positive affect (Range: 10-50). Change was calculated by subtracting the score at baseline from the score at 8 and 16 weeks. Higher scores indicate higher levels of positive affect.
Change in Depression	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-depression subscale was be used to measure depression. This is a well-validated scale with few somatic symptom items that can confound mood/anxiety assessment in medically-ill patients (Range: 0-21). Change was calculated by subtracting the score at baseline from the score at 8 and 16 weeks. Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression.
Change in Anxiety	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-anxiety subscale was be used to measure anxiety. This is a well-validated scale with few somatic symptom items that can confound mood/anxiety assessment in medically-ill patients (Range: 0-21). Change was calculated by subtracting the score at baseline from the score at 8 and 16 weeks. Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety.
Ease of PP Component	Weeks 1-8	Participants in the PP-MI group will provide ratings of ease after each PP exercise, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (0=very difficult; 10=very easy). Weekly ratings were averaged to provide an overall ease of the exercises.
Change in Sedentary Time	Change from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by Actigraph accelerometer, in minutes per day.
Change in Perceived Social Support	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), a scale that measures subjectively reported social support (Range: 12-84). Higher scores indicate more subjectively reported social support.
Utility of PP Component	Weeks 1-8	Participants in the PP-MI group will provide ratings of utility after each PP exercise, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (0=not at all helpful; 10=very helpful). Weekly utility ratings were averaged to provide an overall utility score of the exercises.
Change in Physical Activity	Change from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Measured by Actigraph accelerometer, in number of steps per day.
Change in Optimism	Change in score from Baseline to 8 weeks, and Baseline to 16 weeks	Life Orientation Test-Revised is a well-validated 6-item instrument used to measure dispositional optimism (Range: 0-24). Change was calculated by subtracting the score at baseline from the score at 8 and 16 weeks. Higher scores indicate higher levels of optimism.