Study to Evaluate Effects of Vorinostat and HXTC on Persistent HIV-1 Infection in HIV-Infected Subjects Started on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Phase 1

Completed

• Conditions: HIV-1 Infection
• Interventions: Drug: Vorinostat; Biological: HXTC

• Registration Number: NCT03212989
• Lead Sponsor: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Brief Summary

This is a phase I, single-site, study to evaluate the effects of VOR and HIV-1 Antigen Expanded Specific T Cell Therapy (HXTC) on persistent HIV-1 Infection in HIV-infected individuals suppressed on ART. Twelve participants with durable viral suppression will be enrolled and will complete the study. All participants will receive the same treatment and if eligible, will be dosed with HXTC and VOR. Participants will continue their baseline ART regimen throughout the study.

Detailed Description

Purpose: This study will test the use of special immune system cells called expanded HIV-specific T Cell (HXTC) Therapy to stimulate the immune system to respond better to HIV. HXTC Therapy will be given in combination with the drug Vorinostat (VOR) which has been shown to stimulate some cells infected with HIV to become active and start making HIV virus. The purpose of this study is to:

1. Evaluate the safety of a series of HXTC infusions in combination with serial doses of VOR and

2. Help scientists evaluate ways of re-activating latent (non-active) HIV virus and determine if the immune system can be made stronger to eliminate the activated HIV virus.

Participants: Men and women living with HIV, ≥ 18 and \< 65 years of age, with durable viral suppression for ≥ 24 months as measured on standard HIV RNA assays. Eligible participants must be on stable combination ART (cART) and have a CD4 count ≥ 350 cells/mm3. We plan to enroll up to 12 participants at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) who complete all 6 Steps of this study.

Procedures (methods):

In Step 1 and prior to initiating the two series of VOR and HXTC combined therapies, all participants will undergo study screening and enrollment where they will be required to: 1. Demonstrate a baseline measurement of the frequency of resting CD4 T cell infection ≥ 0.3 infected cells per million as determined by QVOA, as a further decrease from this low frequency of infection cannot be definitively measured given the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) threshold.

Participants with an infectious cells per million (IUPM) measurement \> or equal to 0.3 will provide whole blood cells for the manufacture of their HXTC product (Step 3). Successful manufacturing of the HIV-1 antigen expanded specific T cells will progress participants to combination treatment in Steps 4 and 5. In Steps 4 and Step 5, participants will receive two series of VOR dosing and HXTC infusions, for a total 20 doses of VOR 400 mg and 5 HXTC infusions.

In the first series (Step 4), participants will receive VOR 400 mg PO every 72 hours for 10 doses and 2 infusions of HXTC. The first HXTC infusion will be administered six hours after the first dose of VOR (HXTC #1) and the 2nd HXTC infusion (HXTC #2) will occur 6 hours after the 6th dose of VOR.

In the second series in Step 5, participants will receive an additional 10 doses of VOR 400 mg PO every 72 hours and 3 HXTC infusions. The first HXTC infusion in Step 5 (HXTC #3) will occur 6 hours after the 11th dose of VOR (1st dose in Step 5), the 2nd HXTC infusion (HXTC #4) will occur 6 hours after the 16th dose of VOR, and the 3rd HXTC infusion (HXTC #5) will occur 1 - 3 days after the 20th dose of VOR.

If there are insufficient cells manufactured to allow 5 infusions at 1 x 10-8 cells/m-2 dose, the dose will be adjusted to allow 5 infusions at a dose \> or equal to 5 x 10-7 cells/m-2 but \< 1 x 10-8 cells/m-2 dose.

Following the final HXTC infusion, participants move into Step 6 for a minimum of six additional visits: 21-26. The 2nd leukapheresis will occur at Visit 23 (Week 21), approximately 9 weeks after the last HXTC infusion to evaluate the effect of study treatment on the IUPM by QVOA.

All participants who receive greater than 8 doses of VOR (3200 mg) will be required to enter a study cancer registry where they will be contacted once a year for 5 years after completion of their study participation. The registry was created to monitor participants for the development of future malignancies given concern for genotoxic impact with the use of VOR.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2017-06-27
• Study First Submitted: 2017-06-29
• Study First Submitted QC: 2017-07-06
• Study First Posted: 2017-07-11
• Primary Completion: 2022-06-07
• Study Completion: 2022-07-05
• Status Verified: 2022-08
• Results First Submitted: 2023-04-18
• Results First Submitted QC: 2023-04-18
• Last Update Submitted: 2023-04-18
• Results First Posted: 2023-05-12
• Last Update Posted: 2023-05-12

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 17

Inclusion Criteria

1. ≥ 18 years and < 65 years of age at screening

2. Ability and willingness of participant to give written informed consent. NOTE: Due to the lack of foreseeable benefit to study volunteers, the study will not enroll illiterate or mentally incompetent volunteers.

3. Confirmation of HIV-1 infection HIV infection is defined as documentation by any licensed rapid HIV test or HIV enzyme or chemiluminescence immunoassay (E/CIA) test kit at any time prior to study entry and confirmed by a licensed Western blot or a second antibody test by a method other than the initial rapid HIV and/or E/CIA, or by HIV-1 antigen, plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load.

   NOTE: The term "licensed" refers to a US FDA-approved kit.

   WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) guidelines mandate that confirmation of the initial test result must use a test that is different from the one used for the initial assessment. A reactive initial rapid test should be confirmed by either another type of rapid assay or an E/CIA that is based on a different antigen preparation and/or different test principle (e.g., indirect versus competitive), or a Western blot or a plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load.

4. On antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months and on potent antiretroviral therapy for greater than or equal to 6 months prior to Screening (Visit 1).

   Potent ART is defined by current treatment guidelines and consists of at least 2 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, integrase inhibitor, or a protease inhibitor without interruption (defined as missing more than 9 total days in the 12 weeks prior to Screening.

   Other potent fully suppressive antiretroviral combinations will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Prior changes in or elimination of medications for easier dosing schedule, intolerance, toxicity, or other reasons are permitted if an alternative suppressive regimen was maintained.

5. Ability and willingness of participant to continue ART throughout the study.

6. Able and willing to adhere to protocol therapy, schedule, and judged adherent to antiretroviral therapy (adherence defined in inclusion criterion 4.)

7. Plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at two time points in the previous 12 months prior to study screening (one time point can be at screening) and never > or equal to 50 copies/mL on two consecutive time points in the last 24 months.

   NOTE: A single unconfirmed plasma HIV RNA > or equal to 50 copies/mL but < 1000 c/mL is allowed if a subsequent assay was < 50 copies/mL; but none in the 6 months preceding the study screening visit.

8. Plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at screening

9. CD4+ cell count ≥ 350 cells/mm3 at screening

10. No active HCV infection at or within 90 days of screening.

    Note: No active hepatitis C virus (HCV) defined as negative HCV antibody (HCVAb) or if HCVAb is positive, reflex HCV RNA is negative.

11. No active hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (measureable HBV DNA or HBV surface antigen-positive (HBVsAg+)) at or within 90 days of screening

12. Women with written documentation of any of the following:

    1. prior hysterectomy OR bilateral oophorectomy (removal of both ovaries)
    2. bilateral tubal ligation or non-surgical permanent sterilization
    3. Women with intact uterus and ovaries who have not had a period for ≥ one year AND have a documented follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level indicating postmenopausal status.

13. All male study volunteers must agree not to participate in a conception process (e.g. active attempt to impregnate, sperm donation, in vitro fertilization) and, if participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy, the male study volunteer and his female partner must use two reliable methods of contraception (condoms, with or without a spermicidal agent; a diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide; an intrauterine device (IUD); or hormonal-based contraception) simultaneously while receiving the protocol-specified study products and for 6 weeks after stopping the study products. Participants must use a reliable barrier method of contraception (condom, cervical cap) along with another form of contraception.

    NOTE: For female partners who are receiving ritonavir, estrogen-based contraceptives are not reliable and an alternative method should be suggested.

14. Ability and willingness to provide adequate locator information.

15. Ability and willingness to communicate effectively with study personnel

16. Adequate vascular access for HXTC infusion and leukapheresis.

17. Able to swallow pills without difficulty.

18. Potential participant must have adequate organ function as indicated by the following laboratory values:

System Laboratory Value Hematological Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1,500 /microliter (mcL) Platelets ≥125,000 / mcL Hemoglobin ≥ 12 g/dL (male) and ≥ 11.0 g/dL (females) System Laboratory Value Coagulation Prothrombin Time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR) ≤1.1x upper limit of normal (ULN) Chemistry K+ levels within normal limits (WNL) Mg++ levels(footnote 1) WNL Glucose Screening serum glucose ≤ Grade 1 (fasting or non- fasting) Albumin ≥ 3.5 g/dL or ≥ lower limit of normal (LLN) Renal Creatinine clearance determined by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-Epi) equation found at: https://www.qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_251/egfr-using-ckd-epi eGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) > 60 mL/min Hepatic Serum total bilirubin Total bilirubin < 1.1 times the ULN range. If total bilirubin is elevated, direct bilirubin must be < 2 times the ULN range.

NOTE: If participant is on an atazanavir-containing therapy, then a direct bilirubin should be measured instead of the total bilirubin and must be ≤ 1.0 mg/dL.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (SGOT) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (SGPT) < 1.25 X ULN Alkaline Phosphatase < 1.25 X ULN Lipase < 1.1 X ULN

Footnote 1: LLN for Mg++ per the clinical laboratory's normal range used for this study is a grade 1 event per Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Toxicity Table and is allowed for eligibility

ULN = upper limit of normal LLN = lower limit of normal WNL = within normal limits

Exclusion Criteria

1. Known allergy or sensitivity to components of VOR and its analog or to components in the HXTC product.

2. Women without written documentation of menopause (absence of a period for ≥ one year and FSH level indicating menopause), hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy, non-surgical permanent sterilization, or bilateral tubal ligation.

3. Untreated syphilis infection (defined as a positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) without clear documentation of treatment).

   Note: In cases of untreated syphilis, participant may re-screen following documentation of adequate treatment of syphilis

4. All male participants expecting to father children within the projected duration of the study.

5. Receipt of compounds with Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor-like activity, such as valproic acid within 30 days prior to screening.

6. Use of any investigational antiretroviral agents within 30 days prior to screening.

7. If the study PI (or designee) is unable to construct a fully active alternative cART regimen based on previous resistance testing and/or treatment history.

8. Use of the following medications that carry risk of torsade des pointes: amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, astemizole, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, probucol, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, terfenadine, thioridazine.

9. Use of any of the following within 90 days prior to screening: immunomodulatory, cytokine, or growth stimulating factors such as systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, anti-CD25 antibody, interferon (IFN), interleukin-2 (IL-2), coumadin, warfarin, or other Coumadin derivative anticoagulants.

10. Prior use of any HIV immunotherapy or HIV vaccine within 6 months prior to Screening, except for prior HXTC infusions.

11. Received any infusion blood product, immune globulin, or hematopoietic growth factors within 90 days prior to study screening.

12. Pregnancy or breast-feeding.

13. History or other clinical evidence of severe illness, malignancy, immunodeficiency other than HIV, or any other condition that would make the participant unsuitable for the study in the opinion of the investigator (or designee).

14. Use of topical steroids over a total area exceeding 15 cm-2 within 30 days prior to Screening.

15. Treatment for an active AIDS-defining opportunistic infection within 90 days prior to Screening.

16. Any active malignancy that may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

17. Compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of either a psychiatric illness or a physical illness, e.g., infectious disease. Prisoner recruitment and participation is not permitted.

18. Known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with participant's ability to fully cooperate with the requirements of the trial as assessed by the study investigator (or designee).

19. History or other clinical evidence, as assessed by the study PI (or designee), of significant or unstable cardiac disease (e.g., angina, congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, significant arrhythmia requiring medical or surgical therapy) or clinically significant electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities.

20. Unable to have a person available to drive participant home at infusion visits.

21. Participation in another investigational clinical research study (with the exception of an antiretroviral treatment trial that uses FDA approved antiretroviral agents) or use of investigational agents within 30 days prior to screening.

NOTE: Co-enrollment in observational only studies is permitted.

NOTE: Co-enrollment in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 5332 REPRIEVE study (NCT023442900) and using FDA approved pitavastatin is permitted provided participant enrolled on ACTG 5332 and has taken the study provided medication ≥ 4 months.

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: SINGLE_GROUP

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
VOR + HXTC arm	HXTC	This is an open label single arm study. All eligible participants receive the following interventions: * Step 2 - Single dose of Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO * Step 4 - Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO every 72 hrs x 10 doses and 2 HXTC infusions * Step 5 - Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO every 72 hrs x 10 doses and 2 HXTC infusions
VOR + HXTC arm	Vorinostat	This is an open label single arm study. All eligible participants receive the following interventions: * Step 2 - Single dose of Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO * Step 4 - Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO every 72 hrs x 10 doses and 2 HXTC infusions * Step 5 - Vorinostat (VOR) 400 mg PO every 72 hrs x 10 doses and 2 HXTC infusions

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants w/ at Least One ≥ Grade 3 Adverse Event That is Possibly or Definitely Related to Vorinostat (VOR) or HIV-specific T Cell (HXTC)	Up to end of study (weeks 16 through 45)	Safety data will include local and systemic signs and symptoms, laboratory measures of safety/toxicity, and all adverse and serious adverse events. Safety data will be routinely collected throughout the duration of the study.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants Demonstrating an HIV-specific Immune Response to the Combination of Vorinostat (VOR) and HIV-specific T Cells (HXTC) Therapy as Well as a Change in the Frequency of Latent HIV Infection	Up to end of study (weeks 16 through 45)	The change in ex vivo HIV-specific immune response from baseline was measured by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISpot throughout the study. Change in the frequency of latent HIV infection from baseline to end of study was measured using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Participants that exhibited any significant changes in both of these measures were considered to have experienced a positive result.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 🇺🇸 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States