Increasing Seat Belt Wearing and Decreasing Handheld Phone Use While Driving

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Driving Behaviors; Impaired Driving; Distracted Driving
• Interventions: Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text; Behavioral: Persuasive education; Behavioral: WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan); Behavioral: Customized Habit Tips; Behavioral: Raffle Financial Incentive; Behavioral: Shared Pot Financial Incentive; Behavioral: Weekly SMS Encouragement

• Registration Number: NCT05469477
• Lead Sponsor: University of Pennsylvania

Brief Summary

The study team is proposing to conduct a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of behavioral and financial incentives on phone use while driving and seat belt adherence. Each arm will receive a support text if their app is not collecting data. The behavioral engagement intervention includes persuasive education, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, customized habit tips, weekly feedback about participants' streaks, and encouraging SMS texts. The two financial incentive interventions add on weekly raffles or shared pots for participants with perfect streaks.

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2022-07-18
• Study First Submitted QC: 2022-07-18
• Study First Posted: 2022-07-21
• Study Start: 2023-03-12
• Primary Completion: 2023-06-29
• Study Completion: 2023-06-29
• Status Verified: 2023-09
• Last Update Submitted: 2023-09-29
• Last Update Posted: 2023-10-03

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 1139

Inclusion Criteria

• Are a GM/OnStar customer.
• Are 18 or older.
• Meet minimum trip requirements.
• Uses vehicle with OnStar
• At least 5 weeks of baseline trip data with >=8 trips/week at baseline on average
• Baseline seat belt use <= 75% on trips less than 2 miles and <= 90 on trips greater than 2 miles
• English reading ability
• Have an email address
• Have a smartphone with iPhone iOS 12 or later or Android OS 7 or later

Exclusion Criteria

• You are unable to read and understand English

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: FACTORIAL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Behavioral Engagement	Customized Habit Tips	Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips.
Behavioral Engagement	Weekly SMS Encouragement	Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	Weekly SMS Encouragement	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	Customized Habit Tips	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.
Control	Weekly SMS Support text	Participants are asked to buckle up and not engage in handheld phone use while driving. No further messaging will be provided about their behavior, and participants will not receive financial incentives for avoiding risky driving behavior.
Behavioral Engagement	WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)	Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips.
Behavioral Engagement	Weekly SMS Support text	Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips.
Behavioral Engagement	Persuasive education	Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	Weekly SMS Support text	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	Weekly SMS Support text	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	Persuasive education	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	Raffle Financial Incentive	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	Persuasive education	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	Weekly SMS Encouragement	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement	Customized Habit Tips	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving.
Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement	Shared Pot Financial Incentive	Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Proportion of trips with seat belt use	105 days	Calculated as the number of trips during which a driver's seat belt click was detected, divided by total number of trips (defined as 1/10 of a mile or greater).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Seconds of active (handheld) phone use per hour of driving	105 days	This is a composite outcome that measures the proportion of total trip time in which the driver is engaged in handheld phone call use or non-call handheld use (e.g. texting, swiping, and typing), as measured by the Way to Drive app.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

University of Pennsylvania; 🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States