A Study Investigating Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GSK2330672 Administered With Metformin to Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Phase 2

Completed

Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Interventions: Drug: GSK2330672
Drug: Placebo
Drug: Sitagliptin
Drug: Metformin

Registration Number: NCT02202161

Lead Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline

Brief Summary: This study is being conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of GSK2330672 compared to sitagliptin when administered with metformin for 14 days to subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Approximately 72 male and female subjects aged 30-64 years with T2DM and currently taking metformin will be recruited for this study. Eligible subjects will begin a run-in period of 13-15 days to stabilize on metformin 850 milligram (mg) twice a day (BID). Subjects will then be randomized to GSK2330672 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 90 mg, matching placebo or open-label sitagliptin 50 mg for 14 days BID. Subjects will return for a follow-up visit 7-10 days after discharge.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 70

Inclusion Criteria

Male or female between 30 and 64 years of age inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent
Subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM for at least 3 months prior to screening, taking metformin for at least 4 weeks prior to screening, taking a metformin daily dose of>= 1000 mg and having an Glycosolated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value of 7-11% inclusive at screening. The investigator should make an effort to obtain documentation of medical history or prescription of metformin to substantiate the diagnosis of T2DM
Fasting plasma glucose <280 milligram per deciliter (mg/dl) at screening. A subject with a fasting plasma glucose at Day 1 that is more than 100 mg/dl lower than the screening value must not be randomized
All T2DM subjects must meet the label recommendations for metformin and sitagliptin, including: Adequate renal function, as evidenced by an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 80 milliliter per minute (mL/min) using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation or chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula in the study procedures manual (SPM); No conditions which make hypoxia, dehydration, or sepsis likely; No cardiac disease (including no history of myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, or heart failure)
Body mass index (BMI) within the range 24 - 40 kilogram per meter square (kg/m^2) (inclusive)
Other than T2DM, subjects should be in good general health with (in the opinion of the investigator) no clinically significant and relevant abnormalities of medical history or physical examination that would introduce additional risk factors or interfere with study procedures or objectives, based on a medical evaluation including medical history, physical examination, vital signs, and laboratory tests
A female subject is eligible to participate if she is of non-childbearing potential defined as: Pre-menopausal females with a documented tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy, or hysterectomy [for this definition, "documented" refers to the outcome of the investigator's/designee's review of the subject's medical history for study eligibility, as obtained via a verbal interview with the subject or from the subject's medical records]; OR Postmenopausal defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea. In questionable cases a blood sample with simultaneous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) > 40 million international units (MlU)/mL and estradiol < 40 picogram (pg)/mL (<147 picomol per liter) is confirmatory. Females on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and whose menopausal status is in doubt will be required to use one of the contraception methods as described by the Investigator/designee, if they wish to continue their HRT during the study. Otherwise, they must discontinue HRT to allow confirmation of post-menopausal status prior to study enrollment. For most forms of HRT, at least 2-4 weeks will elapse between the cessation of therapy and the blood draw; this interval depends on the type and dosage of HRT. Following confirmation of their post-menopausal status, they can resume use of HRT during the study without use of a contraceptive method
Male subjects with female partners of child-bearing potential must agree to use one of the contraception methods as described by the Investigator/designee. This criterion must be followed from the time of the first dose of study medication until the follow-up visit
Subjects must be willing to discontinue their usual dose of metformin and take the study dose of 850 mg immediate release formulation metformin BID for the 13-15 day run-in period and the 2-week treatment period
Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the consent form

Exclusion Criteria

The use of approved non-metformin anti-diabetic agents within 3 months of the screening visit
Hypoglycemia unawareness. T2DM subjects are excluded if, in the opinion of the investigator, they have significant hypoglycemia unawareness (for example, no symptoms of hypoglycemia when the blood glucose level is <70 mg/dl)
Current or chronic history of liver disease, or known hepatic or biliary abnormalities (with the exception of Gilbert's syndrome). Subjects with a history of cholelithiasis, biliary colic, inflammatory gall bladder disease and/or cholestatic liver disease are excluded, unless this results in curative cholecystectomy 3 months or more before screening and with the approval of the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Medical Monitor
History of chronic or acute pancreatitis. Approval from the GSK Medical Monitor must be obtained for subjects with a past history of pancreatitis more than 12 months from the start of the Treatment Period (subjects with a history of pancreatitis within 12 months prior to the start of the Treatment Period are excluded). NOTE: Subjects with a lipase value above the upper limit of normal (ULN) at screening are excluded. A single repeat assessment is allowed within 3 days of the original test
History of Gastrointestinal (GI) disease (e.g., irritable bowel disease, chronic or current diarrhea, inflamed bowel, steatorrhoea/fat malabsorption, celiac disease, symptomatic lactose intolerance, small bowel resection). Subjects with gastroparesis requiring treatment are excluded. Subjects with history of prolapsed or bleeding haemorrhoids within 1 month of screening are excluded unless approved by the GSK Medical Monitor
History of autonomic neuropathy
History of epilepsy and/or use of anti-convulsants, including but not limited to phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate
History of serious, severe, or unstable physical or psychiatric illness including depression, suicidal thoughts, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder. In addition to elicited symptoms and signs, this should include specific questions relating to known psychiatric diagnoses and medications used
History of significant cardiovascular disease not covered by the label recommendations for metformin, for example, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, peripheral arterial disease, and pulmonary embolism, within the previous 12 months
Uncontrolled hypertension, as evidenced by systolic pressure >160 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic pressure >90 mmHg on a single assessment. If systolic pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic pressure >90 mmHg, a single repeat is allowed within 1 hour. Subjects whose blood pressure is well-controlled by taking anti-hypertensive medications (e.g., beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics) are permitted
History of untreated pernicious anemia or who have laboratory parameters suggestive of subclinical megaloblastic anemia (e.g., increased mean corpuscular volume [MCV] with low red blood cells [RBC] count and/or haemoglobin [Hb] level).
Thyroid disease: Uncorrected Thyroid Dysfunction as Fasting plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) outside of the normal range, as determined at the screening visit. Subjects on stable thyroid replacement therapy and with TSH in the normal range are eligible if approved by the GSK Medical Monitor. Unevaluated thyroid nodule or goiter at screening
History of regular alcohol consumption within 6 months of the study defined as: An average weekly intake of >14 drinks for males or >7 drinks for females. One drink is equivalent to 12 gram (g) of alcohol: 12 ounces (360 mL) of beer, 5 ounces (150 mL) of wine or 1.5 ounces (45 mL) of 80 proof distilled spirits
History of sensitivity to heparin or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
History of sensitivity to any of the study medications, or components thereof, or a history of drug or other allergy (including other Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV [DPP-IV] inhibitors) that, in the opinion of the investigator or GSK Medical Monitor, contraindicates their participation
Current or relevant previous significant medical disorder that may require treatment or make the subject unlikely to fully complete the study, or any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, presents undue risk from the study medication or procedures
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>2xULN and bilirubin >1.5xULN (isolated bilirubin >1.5xULN is acceptable if bilirubin is fractionated and direct bilirubin <35%)
Fasting triglycerides >= 400 mg/dl for subjects without a history of pancreatitis or >250 mg/dl for subjects with a history of pancreatitis. Approval from the GSK Medical Monitor must be obtained for subjects with a past history of pancreatitis more than 12 months from the start of the treatment period (subjects with a history of pancreatitis within 12 months prior to the start of the treatment period are excluded). Subjects taking statins, ezetimibe, or Vytorin are permitted in the study. Subjects taking other lipid therapies, including but not limited to niacin, bile acid sequestrants and/or fibrates are not eligible
C-peptide of <0.8 nanogram (ng)/mL at screening
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio >0.3 mg albumin/mg creatinine
Positive fecal occult blood test at screening or during the run-in period
Significant ECG abnormalities, defined as follows: Heart Rate (resting) was <50 and >100 beats per minute (bpm); PR Interval between <120 and >220 millisecond (msec); QRS duration between <70 and >120 msec
Based on averaged QTcF of triplicate ECGs obtained at least 1 minute apart within approximately 15 minutes: QT duration corrected for heart rate by Fridericia's formula (QTcF) >= 450 msec; OR QTcF >= 480 msec in subjects with right Bundle Branch Block (subjects with left bundle branch block are excluded)
A positive pre-study Hepatitis B surface antigen or positive Hepatitis C antibody result within 3 months of screening
A positive test for HIV antibody
A positive urine drug screen or alcohol breath test at screening or during the run-in or treatment periods
A subject with a positive urine cotinine test result will be excluded from the study unless in the judgment of the investigator the subject will be able to abstain from using tobacco for the duration of the in-clinic treatment period of the study
Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood or blood products in excess of 500 mL within a 56 day period
The subject has participated in a clinical trial and has received an investigational product within the following time period prior to the first dosing day in the current study: 30 days, 5 half-lives or twice the duration of the biological effect of the investigational product (whichever is longer)
Exposure to more than four new chemical entities within 12 months prior to the first dosing day
Subjects who have participated in a previous study with GSK2330672 are excluded
Because of the potential impact on bile acid synthesis and secretion in the liver, use of rifampicin and/or other pregnane X receptor (PXR) inducers, including but not limited to St. John's Wort, is cause for subject exclusion

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
GSK2330672-matched placebo	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by matching placebo (of GSK2330672) BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 20 mg	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 20 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 90 mg	GSK2330672	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 90 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672-matched placebo	Placebo	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by matching placebo (of GSK2330672) BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 10 mg	GSK2330672	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 10 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 20 mg	GSK2330672	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 20 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 30 mg	GSK2330672	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 30 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 10 mg	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 10 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 30 mg	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 30 mg BID for 14 days.
GSK2330672 90 mg	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by GSK2330672 90 mg BID for 14 days.
Sitagliptin 50 mg	Metformin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by Sitagliptin 50 mg BID for 14 days. In this study, sitagliptin 50 mg BID will be provided as open-label (unblinded) study treatment.
Sitagliptin 50 mg	Sitagliptin	Subjects will receive metformin 850 mg BID for 13-15 days during the run in period followed by Sitagliptin 50 mg BID for 14 days. In this study, sitagliptin 50 mg BID will be provided as open-label (unblinded) study treatment.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants With Incidence and Nature of Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)	Up to 14 days (treatment period)	An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence (MO) in a participant temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product (MP), whether or not considered related to the MP and can therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with its use. The SAE was any untoward MO that, at any dose, results in death, life threatening, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, results in or prolongs inpatient hospitalization, congenital abnormality or birth defect, that may not be immediately life-threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes listed in this definition and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \>= 3× upper limit of normal (ULN) and total bilirubin \>=2 × ULN (\>35% direct) or ALT \>=3 × ULN and international normalized ratio \>1.5.
Change From Baseline in Vital Signs Assessments-heart Rate	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1) and Day 7, 15	The change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline values from the individual post-Baseline values. Baseline was defined as pre-dose Day -1 value.
Number of Participants With Abnormal Clinical Chemistry With PCI	Up to Day 15	Clinical chemistry parameters included blood urea nitrogen (BUN), potassium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, chloride, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, fasting glucose, total carbon dioxide, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin, sodium, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, total carbon dioxide and triglycerides. It was assessed on Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15. Data for parameters with above and below the PCI is provided. The normal range (NR) and PCI definition for abnormal parameters are: ALT (NR: 0-44, 0-32, 2-33; PCI: \>=2×upper limit of normal \[ULN\]); AST (NR: 0-40; PCI: \>=2× ULN) and total bilirubin (NR: 0.00-20.52; PCI: \>=1.5× ULN).
Summary of Urinalysis Data-mean pH	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15	Urine pH is an acid-base measurement. pH is measured on a numeric scale ranging from 0 to 14; values on the scale refer to the degree of alkalinity or acidity. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. Normal urine has a slightly acid pH (5.0 - 6.0).
Number of Bowel Movements (Stool Frequency) as Rated Using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) Across Days 1 to 14	Up to Day 15 (administered after every in-house bowel movement)	The site staff classified participant's stools and record the date and time of occurrence after any bowel movement that occurs while participants were in residence in the clinic. BSFS is scale between type 1-7, it measured the shape of the stool, type 1: separate hard lumps, like nuts; type 2: sausage shaped but lumpy; type 3: like a sausage or snake but with cracks on its surface; type 4: like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft; type 5: soft blobs with clear cut edges; type 6: fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool and type 7: watery, no solid pieces. Participants were discharged after they have had at least one bowel movement after the Day 14 dosing and after the investigator/designee had reviewed the Day 15 end of study questions.
Change From Baseline in Derived Plasma Glucose Parameter Over a 24-hour Period-fasting and Weighted Mean Glucose Area Under Curve (AUC[0-24 Hour])	Baseline (Day -1) and Day 14 (Fasting Pre-dose [within 15 minutes of dose], 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 [pre-lunch], 5.5, 10 [pre-dinner], 11.5, 14 [bed time] and 24 hours) and Day 7 (30 minutes, 2, 4 [pre-lunch], 5.5, 10 [pre-dinner], 11.5, and 24 hours)	The change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline values from the individual post-Baseline values. Baseline was defined as pre-dose Day -1 value. It was assessed on Baseline, Day 7 and 14. Data for fasting and weighted mean (WM) AUC(0-24 hour) glucose is provided. Statistics for least square mean is provided and participants withdrawing early were excluded. Results were based on an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model: change from Baseline = Baseline + treatment.
Number of Participants With Abnormal Urinalysis Data	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15	Urinalysis included urine occult blood: trace to 3+, glucose: negative to 3+, protein: negative to 2+ and ketones: trace to negative by dipstick and microscopic examination included cast, cellular cast, granular cast, hyaline cast (none seen to 1) and RBC: 0-2, 3-10, 11-30, \>30, WBC: none seen, 0-5, 1, 2, 4, \<5, 6-10, 11-30, 19, \>30). The plus sign increases with a higher level of occult blood, glucose, ketones, proteins, RBC, WBC in the urine: 1+: slightly positive, 2+: positive, 3+: high positive. Participants were categorized as none seen or 1 based on the absence or presence, respectively, of cast, cellular cast, granular cast and hyaline cast. Higher value indicates higher abnormality.
Number of Participants With Abnormal Hematology With Potential Clinical Concern (PCI)	Up to Day 15	Hematology parameters included platelet, red blood cell (RBC) count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), neutrophils, white blood cell (WBC) count (absolute), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), lymphocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), monocytes, hemoglobin, eosinophils, hematocrit and basophils. It was assessed on Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15. Data for parameters with above and below the PCI is provided.
Change From Baseline in Vital Signs Assessments-temperature	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1) and, Day 7, 15	The change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline values from the individual post-Baseline values. Baseline was defined as pre-dose Day -1 value.
Summary of Urinalysis Data-mean Specific Gravity	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15	Data for mean specific gravity is provided. Specific gravity is a measure of the amount of material dissolved in the urine. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Normal urine has a specific gravity between 1.010 and 1.020.
Number of Events With the Rating on Quality of Stools as Rated Using the BSFS Across Days 1 to 14	Up to Day 15 (administered after every in-house bowel movement)	The site staff classified participant's stools and record the date and time of occurrence after any bowel movement that occurs while participants were in residence in the clinic. BSFS is scale between type 1-7, it measured the shape of the stool, type 1: separate hard lumps, like nuts; type 2: sausage shaped but lumpy; type 3: like a sausage or snake but with cracks on its surface; type 4: like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft; type 5: soft blobs with clear cut edges; type 6: fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool and type 7: watery, no solid pieces. Participants were discharged after they have had at least one bowel movement after the Day 14 dosing and after the investigator/designee had reviewed the Day 15 end of study questions.
Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Any Time Post-Baseline	Up to Day 15	Single 12-lead ECGs was obtained at each time point during the study using an ECG machine that automatically calculates the heart rate and measures PR, QRS, QT, and QTc intervals. It was assessed on Baseline (pre-dose Day -1), Day 7 and 15. Participants with normal, abnormal not clinically significant and abnormal clinically significant ECG is presented.
Change From Baseline in Vital Signs Assessments-systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1) and Day 7, 15	The change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline values from the individual post-Baseline values. Baseline was defined as pre-dose Day -1 value.
Number of Participants With Gastrointestinal Tolerability Assessments as Rated Using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS; With Worsening Symptoms >=2 Levels)	Day 7 and 14	GSRS is a rating scale consisting of 15 items. Each item was scored from 1: no discomfort at all, 2: minor discomfort, 3: mild discomfort, 4: moderate discomfort, 5: moderately severe discomfort, 6: severe discomfort, 7: very severe discomfort. The overall GSRS score is the mean of these 15 items, varying from 1 to 7; a score of 1 indicates that no symptoms are present, and a score of 7 indicates the worst possible degree of all symptoms. A higher score relative to Baseline indicates worsening of severity. There were 5 defined syndrome scores and 1 overall score that was derived by computing the mean of the scores for specific subsets of questions as indicated below: abdominal pain (1, 4, 5); reflux syndrome (2, 3); diarrhea syndrome (11, 12, 14); indigestion syndrome (6, 7, 8, 9); constipation syndrome (10, 13, 15) and overall GSRS (1-15). The data is presented for participants with worsening of symptoms in \>=2 levels.
Number of Participants With Fecal Occult Blood Monitoring for Symptomatic or Visible Gastrointestinal Bleeding or Asymptomatic Occult Bleeding	Up to Day 15	Testing cards were provided to participants for assessments. Participants with abnormal not clinically significant and abnormal clinically significant is presented. The Day -1 sample was obtained any time starting Day -2 and prior to GSK2330672 dosing on Day 1. The Day 14 sample was collected any time after dosing on Day 14 and prior to discharge on Day 15.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Ratio to Baseline in Fasting Low-density Cholesterol (LDL) Cholesterol, High-density Cholesterol (HDL) Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol, Non-HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1) and Day 7, 14	Data for fasting low-density cholesterol (LDL) cholesterol, high-density cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides is presented. Participants withdrawing early were excluded. Results were based on an ANCOVA model: Log(post-Baseline) - Log(Baseline) = Log(Baseline) + treatment + concomitant use of lipid lowering drugs.
PK Parameters for Metformin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With GSK2330672, Sitagliptin or Placebo-maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax)	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 5.5, 8, 10 hours (pre-dinner) on Day 14	The first occurrence of the maximum observed plasma concentration determined directly from the raw concentration-time data. Statistics for geometric least square mean provided.
Ratio to Baseline in Fasting Apolipoprotein B	Baseline (pre-dose Day -1) and Day 7, 14	Data for fasting apolipoprotein B is presented. Participants withdrawing early were excluded. Results were based on an ANCOVA model: Log(post-Baseline) - Log(Baseline) = Log(Baseline) + treatment + concomitant use of lipid lowering drugs.
Sitagliptin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With Metformin-Cmax Following the First and Second Sitagliptin Doses	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 1, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 10 (pre-dinner), 13 and 14 hours (bed time) on Day 14	The first occurrence of the maximum observed plasma concentration determined directly from the raw concentration-time data following the first and second dose of sitagliptin on Day 14 (Cmax1 and Cmax2).
Sitagliptin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With Metformin-Tmax Following the First and Second Sitagliptin Doses	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 1, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 10 (pre-dinner), 13 and 14 hours (bed time) on Day 14	The time at which Cmax was observed by determining directly from the raw concentration-time data following the first and second dose of sitagliptin on Day 14 (Tmax1 and Tmax2). If data permits, Tmax2 was defined as the time of Cmax following the second dose of sitagliptin.
PK Parameters for Metformin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With GSK2330672, Sitagliptin or Placebo-time of Occurrence of Cmax (Tmax)	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 5.5, 8, 10 hours (pre-dinner) on Day 14	The time at which Cmax observed was determined directly from the raw concentration-time data.
PK Parameters for Metformin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With GSK2330672, Sitagliptin or Placebo-area Under the Concentration-time Curve Over the Dosing Interval of 10 Hours (AUC[0-10])	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 5.5, 8, 10 hours (pre-dinner) on Day 14	PK population. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed.
Sitagliptin Steady State PK Parameters When Co-dosed With Metformin-AUC(0-10)	Fasting pre-dose (within 15 minutes of dose), 1, 2, 3, 4 (pre-lunch), 10 (pre-dinner) on Day 14	The AUC(0-10) following the first dose and prior to the second dose of sitagliptin was determined using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing concentrations and the logarithmic trapezoidal rule for decreasing concentrations.