Effects of Implicit Messaging by Cigarette Pack Color on Smoking Behaviors
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Pennsylvania
- Enrollment
- 316
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Daily Cigarette Rate (smoking behavior)
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of changes in cigarette package color and warning label features on smoking behaviors and beliefs about cigarette risks.
Detailed Description
This project will recruit 360, current daily Marlboro, non-menthol, red (n=180) or gold (n=180) cigarette smokers to a 50-day protocol using a randomized factorial design with two factors: (1) cigarette pack color manipulation (within subject: red, gold, plain packaging) and (2) warning label manipulation (between subject: graphic vs. standard text). The randomization will be stratified by own brand cigarette. To evaluate effects of changes in cigarette package coloring, participants will smoke commercially available cigarettes that may or may not be similar to their preferred brand of cigarettes throughout the study, but in different colored packages during three 15-day study periods (i.e., one period will be Marlboro plain (tan-olive) packs, one will be Marlboro gold packs and one will be Marlboro red packs; order counterbalanced). Participants will visit the Center every 5 days to complete assessments (11 total sessions).
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Factorial
- Primary Purpose
- Other
- Masking
- Single (Participant)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 21 Years to 60 Years (Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •Male and female smokers who are between 21 and 60 years of age and self-report smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day for at least the past 12 months.
- •Smokers of primarily non-menthol, Marlboro red or gold type cigarettes.
- •Not using any forms of nicotine other than cigarettes.
- •Not currently undergoing smoking cessation treatment or tying to quit.
- •Able to communicate fluently in English (speaking, writing, and reading).
- •Plan to remain in the area over the duration of the trial.
- •Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the combined consent and HIPAA form.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Smoking Behavior.
- •Use of any nicotine products other than cigarettes.
- •Enrollment or plans to enroll in a smoking cessation program over the duration of the trial.
- •Provide a Carbon Monoxide (CO) reading less than 5 parts per million (ppm) at Day
- •Alcohol/Drugs.
- •History of substance abuse (other than nicotine) in the past 12 months and/or currently receiving medical treatment for substance abuse.
- •Current alcohol consumption that exceeds 25 standard drinks/week.
- •Provide a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) reading greater than .000 at Day
- •Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, and/or lactating.
- •Any impairment including, but not limited to, visual, physical, and/or neurological impairments preventing the completion of procedures included within this protocol. Notable impairments will be evaluated by the Principal Investigator and eligibility will be determined on a case-by-case basis.
- •Color blindness.
- •Serious or unstable disease within the past 12 months (e.g. heart disease, cancer). Applicable conditions will be evaluated by the Principal Investigator and eligibility will be determined on a case-by-case basis.
- •Psychiatric.
- •Lifetime history or current diagnosis of psychosis, bipolar disorder, and/or schizophrenia.
- •Current diagnosis of major depression. Subjects with a history of major depression, in remission for 6 months or longer, are considered eligible.
- •Any medical condition, extenuating circumstance, illness, disorder, adverse event (AE), and/or concomitant medication that could compromise participant safety and/or completion of the study procedures, as determined by the Principal Investigator. Subjects may be deemed ineligible or withdrawn for any of the aforementioned reasons at any point throughout the study.
- •Non-compliance with the protocol and/or study design as determined by the Principal Investigator.
Arms & Interventions
Graphic Warning Label
Days 5-50: Participants will receive cigarette packs as per the study randomization schema (e.g. three15-day periods of red, gold, and plain packs; order counterbalanced within subject) with FDA-approved graphic warning labels.
Intervention: Graphic Warning Label (Other)
Text Warning Label
Days 5-50: Participants will receive cigarette packs as per the study randomization schema (e.g. three15-day periods of red, gold, and plain packs; order counterbalanced within subject) with standard text warning labels.
Intervention: Text Warning Label (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Daily Cigarette Rate (smoking behavior)
Time Frame: Days 0-50
Daily cigarette consumption will be determined by the difference of unused cigarettes and used cigarette filters returned to the Center every Session after Day 0.The number of used cigarette filters and self-reported daily smoking rate will be recorded on a Smoking Rate Data Collection Form. We will examine changes in daily cigarette consumption averaged over each of the three 15-day pack periods.
Secondary Outcomes
- Smoking Topography(Days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, & 50)
- Subjective Cigarette Ratings(Days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, & 50)
- Cigarette Risk Beliefs(Days 0, 5, 20, 35, & 50)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)(Days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, & 50)
- Attitudes and Intentions (to use product)(Days 0, 5, 20, 35, & 50)
Investigators
Andrew Strasser
Research Associate Professor
University of Pennsylvania