Mindfulness Meditation for Spine Surgery Pain

Mind body therapies which induce relaxation through the use of imagery and meditation, are being increasingly sought as treatments to assist individuals cope with stress and chronic illness. These holistic therapies have become accepted by both physicians and patients because of the recent emerging body of evidence supporting their effectiveness for a variety of physical and psychological conditions. In the case of holistic (or integrative) practices used to alleviate pain, the infrequency of adverse effects makes them particularly attractive to physicians who have become wary of the risks of prescription narcotics.

Pain medications, though they provide immediate relief, have many noted adverse side effects. These include respiratory depression, decreased heart rate and in extreme cases of misuse, death. These medications are especially prone to abuse by patients, even after their initial pain subsides. Overdosing from prescription pain killers has become a significant cause of accidental death, and providers are seeking alternative treatments for pain for their patients that do not carry this risk.

A significant body of research has investigated the benefits of meditation for a wide variety of physical and psychological conditions . However, clinical evidence for the efficacy of meditation for reducing pain is sparse, although some research suggests the mechanisms of this possible benefit , Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a mindfulness intervention which is currently used in over 500 clinical sites around the world for patients with a wide variety of clinical problems, including pain. MBSR was developed by Jon Kabat Zinn at the University of Massachusetts in the 1970s. It is derived from the Oriental traditions of Zen Buddhism, yet free from its religious roots. It is supported by over 30 years of research that substantiate its positive effects on numerous ailments, including stress , chronic pain , anxiety and depression .

The key concept in mindfulness meditation involves learning how to observe the thoughts that enter one's mind without the passing of judgment and by keeping the focus on breathing or another constant. This is called "detached observation". The mechanisms at work are unknown but are thought to be the meditation facilitating the tuning out of distractions by learning to maintain and control attention.

The process of mindfulness meditation entails sitting in a quiet location and comfortable position with one's eyes closed. Individuals are instructed to relax and focus on their breathing, or another chosen object of attention, such as parts of the body in the body scan, body movements in mindful movement, or the act of walking in walking meditation. While the mind may wander and numerous thoughts, worries or concerns may arise, the individual learns to non-self-critically acknowledge the shift in attention, and return to the chosen object of attention. Over time, increased attentional control and awareness of mental events leads to the ability to respond more positively and less reactively to stressful events, including pain.