The effect of virtual reality on pain and anxiety during treatments for chronic lower back pai

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Chronic low back pain
Musculoskeletal Diseases

Registration Number: ISRCTN11994372

Lead Sponsor: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

Brief Summary: Not available

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: Completed

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 29

Inclusion Criteria

1. Both males and females were included in the study
2. Patients who had been referred to the pain clinic because they had been suffering from non-specific low back pain persisting for more than three months
3. Patients older than 18 years old
4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I-III
The ASA physical status classification system is a pre-operative tool that helps anticipate a patient's risks. On a scale of I to VI: I represents healthy patients with minimal risks and VI represents patients who are brain dead and whose organs tend to be donated upon approval.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patients aged 17 years old and under
2. Patients who have visual or hearing impairments, dementia, and/or have been diagnosed with epilepsy or balance disorders.

Study & Design

Study Type: Interventional

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
1. Periprocedural pain intensity score measured using the numeric pain scale (with 0 denoting no pain and 10 denoting worst possible pain) before and after the procedure<br>2. Anxiety measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale before and after the procedure

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
The secondary outcome measures included:<br>1. Patient comfort measured using a five-point Gloucester Comfort scale, with 1 being the most comfortable and 5 being the most uncomfortable, immediately after the procedure<br>2. Patient satisfaction measured using a 5-point Likert scale (1 referred to dissatisfied; 2 to less satisfied; 3 to satisfied; 4 for very satisfied; and 5 for completely satisfied) once fully alert patients reach the recovery room after the procedure<br>3. Hemodynamic parameters: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SPO2), measured using by GE Aisys CS2® anesthesia machine throughout the procedure<br>